1. Nucleic Acids

2. Let’s Review! What is a macromolecule?
What are the four kinds of organic molecules?
What are nucleic acids made of?
- A large ___________ molecule (made of carbon!)
- Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and _______________
- Phosphate group, _____________nitrogenous base

3. Nucleic Acids
___________are the chemical link between generations dating back to the beginning of life on earth.

4. Nucleic Acids
A nucleic acid is a complex macromolecule that stores information in cells in the form of a ________.

5. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are made of long chains of _______________.
____________are made of three components:
1. sugar
2. phosphate group
3. nitrogen base

6. Nucleic Acids
Examples of nucleic acids are :
1. _____
2. RNA

7. DNA DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid its components are:
its components are:
1. deoxyribose (_____)
2. phosphate group
3. nitrogen base

8. The Components and Structure of DNA
There are four kinds of bases in in DNA:
adenine
guanine
________
thymine
DNA is made up of nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three parts: a deoxyribose molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. There are four different bases in DNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

9. DNA Rosalin Franklin, Maurice Wilkins,
James ______ and Francis _____ proposed the structure of DNA:
Chargaff proposed
Adenine (A) – Thymine (T)
Guanine (G) – Cytosine (C)
A and G are purines
C and T are pyrimidines

10. Watson & Crick Discovered the structure of DNA

11. DNA
Watson and Crick also said the paired nitrogen bases formed ______long strands of nucleotides that compliment each other.

12. DNA Nitrogen Bases are connected between sugars and phosphates
They declared, “This structure is
a “__________________”.

13. The Components and Structure of DNA
DNA Double Helix
The Components and Structure of DNA
DNA is a double helix in which two strands are wound around each other. Each strand is made up of a chain of nucleotides. The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine.

14. DNA
DNA forms _________________, units of genetic information which pass from parent to offspring.
                       
DNA is wound into structures called chromosomes during cell division (prophase)

15. What are chromosomes??? Nucleotides ___________DNA
DNA winds into Chromatin
Chromatin condenses into Chromosomes
Chromosomes _________ Genes
Genes are sections of DNA
DNA is made of nucleotides
Chromosomes contain
Instructions for making
YOU!!!

16. DNA
If you unraveled all your chromosomes from all of your cells and laid out the DNA end to end, the strands would stretch from the Earth to the Moon about _______________.
                

17. RNA RNA has a different sugar than DNA RNA = ribonucleic acid
It’s components are :
1. _________ (sugar)
2. phosphate group
3. nitrogen base

18. RNA It also has different bases than DNA adenine --- _________
cytosine --- guanine
RNA is also single stranded, not double stranded like DNA.

19. Review DNA RNA - _________stranded - Single stranded
- Sugar = deoxyribose
- Sugar = ribose
- Adenine pairs with Thymine
- Adenine pairs with __________

20. DNA Replication

21. DNA Replication I. Why Must DNA Replicate?
Every time a cell divides, it must first make a copy of it’s ___________.
Therefore, each cell
can have a complete set
of chromosomes.

22. What are chromosomes??? Nucleotides make up DNA
DNA winds into Chromatin
Chromatin condenses into Chromosomes
Chromosomes contain Genes
Genes are sections of DNA
DNA is made of nucleotides
Chromosomes contain
Instructions for making
YOU!!!

23. DNA Replication
Without replication, species could not survive and individuals could not successfully grow and _____________.

24. DNA Replication II. How DNA Replicates
DNA is a molecule composed of TWO strands, each consisting of a sequence of ___________.
The order of the nitrogen bases on one strand mandates the sequence of bases on the ______________ strand.

25. DNA Replication
If you know the bases on one strand, you can predict which bases will occur on the complementary strand.
A ----- G
T -----
C -----
During Replication each strand serves as a template to create a new strand. T C A G
This is as easy as break dancing!

26. Steps in Replication III. Steps In Replication
1) __________ break down the hydrogen bonds between the two DNA strands, unzipping the molecule

27. Steps in Replication
2) As the DNA unzips, free nucleotides (from surroundings in the nucleus) bond to the single strands by ________________(A-T, G-C)

28. Steps in Replication
3) Another Enzyme bonds the new nucleotides into a chain
** The result of this process is the formation of TWO DNA molecules, each ____________to the original molecule.
Replication! Rah,Rah, Rah!

29. DNA Replication New Strand Original strand Nitrogen Bases Growth
During DNA replication, the DNA molecule produces two new complementary strands. Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a template for the new strand.
Replication Fork
Replication Fork
DNA Polymerase

30. DNA Replication

32. Reflect and Review 1. What are the two types of nucleic acids?
2. What are the three components of a nucleotide?
3. What are the similarities between DNA and RNA? What are the differences?
4. Describe the process of DNA replication.
5. Why does a DNA molecule undergo replication?