1. Thursday, April 17 “A” Day Mindtrap Question
Go over CPR/First Aid Review Assignment
CPR/First Aid Written Exam
“Understanding Infectious Diseases” reading & questions.
Mindtrap Question
If it takes six men six days to dig six holes, how long will it take one man to dig half a hole?
Answer: There is no such thing as Half a hole. A hole is a hole.

2. Time for Exercises

3. Medic First Aid Basic Plus Adult Cpr/First Aid Test
DO NOT write on the test.
Using a #2 pencil, put your answers on the Scantron answer sheet.
When you are finished with the test, turn in your test questions and answer sheet to Mr. Nolan
Grab a Health textbook. Read pages Take notes on the reading.
Answer the section review questions on the half sheet of paper.

4. Section 21.1 Understanding Infectious Diseases Objectives
Identify the causes of infectious diseases.
Describe four ways in which infectious diseases are spread.

5. Myth There isn’t much a person can do to avoid spreading or catching a cold or the flu.
Fact About 80% of infectious diseases are spread by hand contact. Washing your hands with soap and water is a simple and effective way to prevent the spread of colds and the flu.
Do you think most teens wash their hands as much as they should? What do you think are some ways to encourage more frequent hand washing?

6. Causes of Infectious Diseases
Also known as communicable diseases, infectious diseases (in FEK shus) are caused by organisms or viruses that enter and multiply within the human body.
Microorganisms (my kroh AWR guh niz ums) are organisms that can be seen only through a microscope.
Microorganisms and viruses that cause disease are called pathogens (PATH uh junz).
Pathogens can cause an infectious disease when they enter your body and multiply.

7. Thursday, November 7 Objectives
Identify the causes of infectious diseases.
Describe four ways in which infectious diseases are spread.
Identify the body’s physical and chemical defenses against infectious disease.
Describe the inflammatory response.
Summarize how the immune system works.
Compare passive and active immunity.

8. Time for Exercises

9. Bacteria
Bacteria (bak TEER ee uh) are simple, single-celled microorganisms. Bacteria live in air, soil, food, and in and on the bodies of plants and animals, including you.
Some bacteria injure cells by giving off poisons called toxins (TAHK sinz).
Cell Phone Bacteria
Jake Finkbonner

10. Viruses The smallest pathogens are viruses.
A virus can multiply only after entering a living cell.
The virus then takes over the cell’s reproductive mechanisms, resulting in cell damage or death.
How a virus invades your body VIDEO

11. Fungi
Organisms such as yeasts, molds, and mushrooms are known as fungi (FUN jy).
Fungi grow best in warm, dark, moist areas.

12. Protozoans
Single-celled organisms that are much larger and more complex than bacteria are known as protozoans (proh tuh ZOH unz).
Protozoans have the ability to move through fluids in search of food.
Malaria Video

13. Other Pathogens
Some infectious diseases are caused by animals such as mites, lice, and certain worms.

14. How Pathogens Are Spread
Pathogens can spread through contact with
an infected person
an infected animal
contaminated objects
contaminated food
contaminated soil
contaminated water
The pathogens can then enter the body through breaks in the skin or through the moist linings of the eyes, ears, nose, mouth, or other openings.

15. Infected People
Many infectious diseases are spread through some form of contact with a person who has the disease.
The contact may be direct physical contact.
Infectious diseases can also spread through indirect contact.

16. Infected Animals
Some infectious diseases are transmitted to humans through the bites of animals.

17. Contaminated Objects
Some pathogens can survive for a period of time outside a person’s body.
These pathogens can be spread from person to person on objects such as
doorknobs
eating utensils
towels
needles used for body piercings and tattoos

18. Contaminated Food, Soil, or Water
Some pathogens are naturally present in food and soil.
Sometimes water and food become contaminated with pathogens from infected people.

19. Vocabulary infectious disease
A disease caused by an organism or virus that enters and multiplies within the human body.
microorganism
An organism that is so small it can only be seen through a microscope.
pathogen
A microorganism or virus that causes disease.
bacteria
Simple, single-celled microorganisms.
toxin
A poison given off by some bacteria that can
injure cells.
virus
The smallest type of pathogen.

20. Vocabulary
fungi
Organisms such as yeasts, molds, and mushrooms that grow best in warm, dark, moist areas.
protozoan
A large and complex single-celled organism.

21. Section 1 Review Questions
Key Ideas and Vocabulary
What is a pathogen? Name four types of pathogens.
A pathogen is a microorganism or virus that causes disease. Four types are bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoans.
2. How do pathogens cause infectious diseases?
Pathogens can cause an infectious disease when they enter the body and multiply.
3. What is a virus? How are viruses different from
bacteria?
A virus is the smallest kind of pathogen. Unlike most bacteria, a virus can multiply only after entering a living cell.

22. Section 1 Review Questions
4. What are four ways that infectious diseases can
spread?
Infectious diseases can spread through contact with an infected person, an infected animal, contaminated objects, and contaminated food, soil, or water.
5. Applying Concepts If you were traveling to a country where mosquito-borne diseases were common, how would you protect yourself from getting infected?
Sample answer: by applying mosquito repellent, by wearing long sleeves and long pants, and by staying indoors during times when mosquitoes are most active
6. Relating Cause and Effect Why do you think that communities boil their drinking water after a water line break?
Sample answer: A water line break can allow harmful bacteria to enter the water supply. Boiling contaminated water kills most or all of the harmful bacteria.

23. D E B A F Understanding Infectious Diseases QUIZ
Write the letter of the correct answer using the list on the right.
Organisms such as yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.__________
Single-celled organisms that are much larger and more complex than bacteria. __________
Simple, single-celled microorganisms. ________
Microorganisms and viruses that cause disease. _______
The smallest pathogens._______
Pathogens
Bacteria
Toxins
Fungi
Protozoan
Viruses D E B A F

24. True False True True False
Understanding Infectious Diseases QUIZ
Decide whether each statement is true or false.
Some infectious diseases are transmitted to humans through the bites of animals. _________
An infected person cannot spread a disease to another person. _______
Pathogens can cause an infectious disease when they enter your body and multiply. ________
It is important to refrigerate food promptly to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria. ________
All pathogens die immediately when they leave a person’s body.________
True
False
True
True
False

25. Section 21.2 Defenses Against Disease Objectives
Identify the body’s physical and chemical defenses against infectious disease.
Describe the inflammatory response.
Summarize how the immune system works.
Compare passive and active immunity.

26. VIDEO
Protection from Infection

27. Quick Quiz Complete each of these statements with always, sometimes, or never.
I ____ wash my hands before meals.
When preparing fruits and vegetables, I ____ wash them thoroughly.
I am ____ careful to use only my own eating utensils, drinking cups, towels and grooming items.
I ____ cover my mouth when I cough or sneeze.
If I spend time in wooded areas, I ____ wear insect repellent.
For each of your responses, explain how your behavior could affect your chances of getting or spreading an infectious disease.

28. Physical and Chemical Defenses
Your body’s first line of defense against infectious disease includes both physical and chemical defenses that prevent pathogens from entering your body.

29. Skin
Your skin serves as both a physical and a chemical barrier against pathogens.
Sweat acts as a chemical barrier.
Old skin cells are shed constantly, and the pathogens on these cells are shed, too.

30. Mucous Membranes
The openings into your body, such as your mouth, eyes, and nose, are covered by protective linings called mucous membranes (MYOO kus).
Mucus traps many pathogens and washes them away.
Mucus contains chemicals and specialized cells that attack pathogens.

31. Cilia
Some of your body’s mucous membranes are lined with tiny hairlike structures called cilia (SIL ee uh).
Together, cilia and mucus help trap and remove pathogens.

32. Saliva and Tears
Your saliva and tears can trap pathogens and wash them away.
Saliva and tears also contain chemicals that attack pathogens.

33. Digestive System
Chemicals in your digestive system kill many pathogens.
The normal motions of the digestive system move pathogens out.
Bacteria that normally live in your digestive system produce substances that can harm or kill invading bacteria.

34. Your Body’s Physical and Chemical Defenses
Saliva and tears Saliva and tears can wash away some pathogens.
Stomach acid When you swallow certain pathogens with food, water, or mucus, acids in your stomach can kill those pathogens. 1
Mucous membranes Mucus traps some pathogens, preventing them from entering your body. 2 3
Cilia Cilia help move mucus and pathogens out of your body when you cough or sneeze. 4
Skin Your skin is an effective barrier against many pathogens. 5

35. Inflammation
Inflammation (in fluh MAY shun) is your body’s general response to all kinds of injury, from cuts and scrapes to internal damage.
Inflammation fights infection and promotes the healing process.

36. Phagocytes
Within seconds after your body is injured, the damaged cells release chemicals that cause blood vessels in the injured area to enlarge.
Blood, other fluids, and white blood cells called phagocytes (FAG uh syts) leak out of the enlarged vessels.
Phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens.

37. Phagocytes
This micrograph shows a phagocyte (blue) attacking bacteria (pink). Phagocytes kill pathogens by engulfing and then digesting them.

38. Healing
Phagocytes also give off substances that cause healing to begin.
The inflammation process heals the damage, and the inflammation subsides.

39. The Immune System
The immune system (ih MYOON) fights disease by producing a separate set of weapons for each kind of pathogen it encounters.

40. The Immune Response
When a pathogen enters your body for the first time, it often causes disease.
White blood cells called lymphocytes (LIM fuh syts) carry out most of the immune system’s functions.
If a pathogen that has previously attacked your body enters your body again your immune system will quickly recognize the pathogen and launch an immediate attack.
Immunity (ih MYOON ih tee) is your body’s ability to destroy pathogens that it has previously encountered before the pathogens are able to cause disease.

41. T Cells T cells perform several functions.
Killer T cells destroy any body cell that has been infected by a pathogen.
Helper T cells produce chemicals that stimulate other T cells and B cells to fight off infection.
Suppressor T cells produce chemicals that “turn off” other immune system cells when an infection has been brought under control.

42. B Cells The B lymphocytes, or B cells, produce antibodies.
Antibodies (AN tih bahd eez) are proteins that attach to the surface of pathogens or to the toxins produced by pathogens.
This binding action keeps the pathogen or toxin from harming the body.
The memory capacity of B cells explains why you develop immunity to some diseases you’ve already had.

43. The Immune Response

44. The Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system (lim FAT ik) is a network of vessels that collects fluid from your tissues and returns it to the bloodstream.
The fluid flowing through the lymphatic system is called lymph (limf).
The lymphatic vessels have hundreds of small stations, called lymph nodes.

45. Lymph nodes
Lymph vessel
The Lymphatic System
Your lymphatic system is a complex network of vessels and nodes.

46. Passive and Active Immunity
Passive Immunity
Immunity acquired by receiving antibodies from a source other than one’s own immune system is called passive immunity.
This type of immunity is temporary, not lifelong.
It occurs naturally in babies, who receive antibodies from their mothers before birth.
Passive immunity can be artificially acquired.

47. Passive and Active Immunity
Active immunity results from either having a disease or from receiving a vaccine.
Injections, which cause you to become immune to a disease, are called immunizations (im yuh nih ZAY shunz), or vaccinations.
The substance that is injected is called a vaccine (vak SEEN).
Vaccines contain small amounts of dead or modified pathogens or their toxins.

48. Your Immune System: Natural Born Killer

49. Vocabulary mucous membrane
The protective lining that covers any opening into the body.
inflammation
The body’s general response to all kinds of injury.
phagocyte
A type of white blood cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens.
immune system
The body’s most sophisticated defense against pathogens.
lymphocyte
A type of white blood cell that carries out functions of the immune system.

50. Vocabulary
immunity
The body’s ability to destroy a pathogen that it has previously encountered before the pathogen is able to cause disease.
T cell
A type of lymphocyte that helps the immune system destroy pathogens.
B cell
A lymphocyte that produces antibodies.
antibody
A protein that attaches to the surface of pathogens or to the toxins produced by pathogens, keeping the pathogen or toxin from harming the body.

51. Vocabulary lymphatic system
A network of vessels that collects fluid from body tissues and returns it to the bloodstream; contains much of the immune system.
immunization
An injection that causes the body to become immune to an infectious disease; also called a vaccination.
vaccine
A substance containing small amounts of dead or modified pathogens or their toxins that is injected during an immunization.

52. Time for Exercises

53. The Immune Response Review
With your group, answer the following questions on a piece of paper. Put your group member names on the top of the page. 1.) Describe what happens when a pathogen, such as a virus, first enters the body. 2.) What role do killer T cells play in the immune response? 3.) What are antibodies? What kinds of cells produce antibodies?
4.) Describe how antibodies fight pathogens. To how many kinds of pathogens can each antibody attach? 5.) Within which system of the body does the immune response occur? Describe this body system. 6.) Usually people can only develop a viral disease such as chicken pox once in their lives. Explain the role of antibodies in this immunity.

54. The Immune Response Answers
1.) A T cell recognizes the virus. The T cell divides over and over, producing new T cells that also recognize the virus. 2.) Killer T cells attack any cells that have been infected by a pathogen. They destroy the cells and the pathogen. 3.) Antibodies are proteins that attach to the surface of pathogens or to the toxins produced by pathogens. B cells (B lymphocytes) produce antibodies.
4.) Antibodies bind to pathogens, which then clump together and are destroyed by phagocytes. Each antibody can attack only one specific pathogen. 5.) The lymphatic system; a network of vessels and nodes that collects fluid from body tissues and returns it to the bloodstream. 6.) After the viral infection is overcome, the B cells stop producing antibodies to the chicken pox virus, but they do not “forget” how to produce them. Those B cells circulate in the body for years, ready to produce antibodies quickly if the same pathogen reenters the body.

55. Group Teaching
Group #1
Bacterial Diseases pp Note Guide pg. 267
Group #2
Viral Diseases pp Note Guide pg. 268
Group #3
Getting Health, Staying Healthy pp Note Guide pg. 268 bottom
Group #4
What is an Emerging Disease pp Note Guide pg. 272

56. Section 21.3 Common Infectious Diseases Objectives
Identify some diseases caused by bacteria and by viruses.
Describe behaviors that can help you get healthy and stay healthy.

57. Time for Exercises

58. Lyme Disease
Humans can become infected with the bacteria that cause Lyme disease when they are bitten by an infected tick.
Symptoms of Lyme disease include
a red rash at the site of the tick bite
fever
chills
body aches
The best way to protect yourself from Lyme disease is by avoiding tick bites.

59. Bacterial Meningitis
An infection of the fluid in the spinal cord and the fluid that surrounds the brain is called meningitis.
Symptoms of meningitis include high fever, headache, vomiting, and a stiff neck.
There are two types of meningitis—one is caused by bacteria, the other by a virus.

60. Tuberculosis
A highly contagious bacterial infection of the lungs is tuberculosis (too bur kyuh LOH sis), or TB.
It is transmitted when droplets from an infected person’s cough or sneeze are inhaled.
Symptoms, which include fatigue, weight loss, a mild fever, and a constant cough, may not show up for many years after the initial infection.

61. Treating Bacterial Diseases
An antibiotic (an tih by AHT ik) is a drug that inhibits or kills bacteria.
Using antibiotics exactly as they are prescribed is very important to prevent bacteria from developing resistance to the medicine.
Antibiotic resistance can result if you don’t finish your prescription and some of the bacterial pathogens in your body survive.

62. Viral Diseases Viral diseases include the common cold influenza
pneumonia
hepatitis

63. The Common Cold
The common cold is really a group of symptoms that is caused by a number of different viruses.
One or two days after exposure to a cold virus, people develop
sneezing
sore throats
runny noses
coughing
chest congestion
fever
headaches
muscle aches
Colds spread when a person touches a contaminated object or inhales droplets from a sneeze or a cough.

64. Influenza
The flu, or influenza, is a common viral infection of the upper respiratory system.
Influenza is spread by airborne droplets and contact with contaminated objects.
High fever, sore throat, headache, and a cough are typical symptoms of the flu.

65. The Stages of the Flu

66. Hepatitis
A group of viruses that infect the liver can cause hepatitis (hep uh TY tis), or inflammation of the liver.
Symptoms of hepatitis include
fever
nausea
pain in the abdomen
jaundice (JAWN dis), or yellowing of the skin.
Hepatitis A is transmitted in human wastes and in contaminated water and food.
Hepatitis B can be transmitted in blood, during sexual contact, or during tattooing or body piercing.
Hepatitis C can be transmitted in blood, during sexual contact, or during tattooing or body piercing.

67. Treating Viral Diseases
In most cases, there is no particular medicine that can cure a viral infection.
The best treatments for viral infections are rest, a well-balanced diet, and plenty of fluids.
Many over-the-counter medicines can treat the symptoms of viral infections.

68. Getting Healthy, Staying Healthy
When you do get sick, you can help your body recover by going to bed and resting.
This treatment and well-balanced meals are all that you need to recover from most mild infections.

69. When to Seek Medical Care
If you are worried about your health for any reason, see a doctor and discuss your concerns with him or her.
Seek professional medical care if you have
an extremely sore throat, earache, vomiting, diarrhea, or a temperature of 101°F that lasts more than two days
mucus from your nose or throat that is thick and yellowish green
difficulty breathing, or severe pain anywhere
a cut, scrape, or sore that does not seem to be healing as it should
an illness that lasts longer than usual

70. Preventing Infectious Diseases
You can protect yourself from infectious diseases in three ways
avoiding contact with pathogens
making sure that your immunizations are current
choosing healthful behaviors

71. Preventing Infectious Diseases
Here are some healthful behaviors you should practice to help you avoid disease.
Wash your hands several times a day, especially before eating and after using the bathroom.
Do not share items that can transfer pathogens, such as towels, eating utensils, cups, or hairbrushes.
Cook and store foods properly. Meats should be cooked thoroughly. Hot foods should be kept hot, and cold foods should be kept cold.
Avoid close contact with people who are ill.

72. Preventing Infectious Diseases
Here are some healthful behaviors you should practice to help you avoid disease.
Stay home when you are not feeling well.
Learn to manage stress in healthful ways, and get at least eight hours of sleep each night.
Eat well-balanced meals, and do not skip meals. Exercise regularly, at least three or more times a week.
Avoid unhealthful substances, such as tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drugs.

73. Section 21.4 Emerging Infectious Diseases Objectives
Define the term emerging disease.
Identify five reasons why diseases emerge.

74. Health Stats The map shows how dengue fever, a viral disease carried by mosquitoes, has spread since 1960.
Should the United States be concerned about dengue fever? Explain.

75. What Is an Emerging Disease?
An epidemic (ep uh DEM ik) is an unusually high occurrence of a disease in a certain place during a certain time period.
When an epidemic affects many areas of the world, it is sometimes called a pandemic.
An emerging disease is an infectious disease that has become increasingly common in humans within the last 20 years or threatens to become more common in the near future.

76. Why Do Diseases Emerge?
Diseases can emerge when humans come into contact with infected animals; pathogens become resistant to existing drugs; or people lack appropriate immunizations.
The increased frequency of international travel and a global food supply can enable emerging diseases to spread very quickly.

77. Contact With Infected Animals
Some diseases that are common in animals can spread to humans.
There have been recent cases in Asia in which people have become sick after being exposed to infected birds.
Scientists fear that another deadly flu epidemic could result if the virus takes on a form that can spread easily between people.

80. Drug Resistance
Some diseases are caused by pathogens that can mutate, or change, over time.
Sometimes these mutations result in a strain, or type, of pathogen that no longer responds to medicine.

81. Lack of Immunization
Diseases that were common many years ago can pose a threat again if people don’t get the proper immunizations.
The polio virus remains a threat in several Asian and African countries because many people in those countries have not received the vaccine.

82. International Travel
Globalization refers to the fact that people around the world are no longer geographically isolated from each other.
Not only can people travel much more easily, but so can any pathogens that live in their bodies.
World travelers could spread the pathogen around the world in a short amount of time.
Ebola

83. Global Food Supply Food also travels around the world.
If a pathogen is present in a food product, it can spread quickly.