2.  Imperialism- extension of a nation’s power over other lands  Imperialism after 1880 “new Imperialism”  Focused on controlling lands ▪ Making the imperializing nation more powerful

3.  Mostly European Nations  Great Britain, France, Netherlands, Germany, Portugal, Italy, Belgium, and Spain ▪ U.S. joined later ▪ Imperialized Cuba, Hawaii, and the Philippines

4.  Control lands  Social Darwinism/Racism, believed they were better than those they conquered  Raw materials/improved economy  gold, diamonds, tin, rubber, oil, spices, tea, coffee, timber, and sugar  Spread Christianity

5.  Africa- all but 2 countries  Annex- bring territory into an existing state  Asia- India and Southeast Asia  Latin America

6.  As the U.S. industrialized, many Americans took interest in the new imperialism  Needed new markets to keep economy strong  Many Americans believed imperialism to be a part of manifest destiny  Expansion went past the Pacific

7.  Commodore Matthew Perry took four American warships into Tokyo Bay on July 8, 1853  Forced Japanese to sign a treaty opening two ports for trade ▪ Simoda and Hakodadi  Read pg. 523 Annexing Hawaii

8.  Hawaii was discovered by whaling ships and merchant vessels crossing the Pacific  Discovered sugar cane grew well ▪ Sugar cane plantations were established on the island  Recession hit Hawaii hard in 1872-> U.S. stepped in and helped by exempting tariffs on sugar from Hawaii (trade treaty) ▪ Led to building of naval base at Pearl Harbor ▪ Led to a boom in sugar and fruit industry

9.  Planters forced a new constitution on the king of Hawaii ▪ Limited his power and increased planters’ power ▪ Angered Hawaiians feared they were losing country  In 1890, Congress passed the McKinley Tariff ▪ Eliminated all duties on sugar-> caused Hawaiian sugar price ↑ ▪ Hawaiian economy ↓  In 1891, Queen Liliuokalani took throne ▪ Disliked American influence in her country ▪ In January of 1893, tried to impose a new constitution and give all power back to her ▪ failed

10.  Planters overthrew the monarchy with the help of Marines  President Cleveland refused to annex Hawaii was against Imperialism ▪ Wanted to restore Liliuokalani ▪ Hawaiian people refused wanted to be annexed ▪ Pres. McKinley annexed Hawaii in 1898

11.  Read pg. 524 Answer Questions below.  Discuss three international crises that almost led to war.  Why did the U.S. want to build up a Navy?  How did Alfred T. Mahan express his argument for building up a navy?  What two U.S. senators pushed for a navy?  What ideas came together leading to the eventual building up of a U.S. navy?

12. 1. Protectorates- controlled land depended on controlling country for protection 2. Indirect rule- colonial gov’t where local rulers were allowed to maintain positions of power (answered to ruling country) 3. Direct rule- colonial gov’t where local rulers were removed from power and were replaced by rulers from mother country