3. Famous FDR Speech before the War Quarantine Speech –October 1937 –FDR’s appeal to help Europeans from fascist aggressors –“quarantine of aggressor nations” Four Freedoms Speech –Made January 1941 –Freedom of: Speech Worship Fear Want –Became basis for United Nations

5. Relationship with Japan Worsens 1940: Japan invades French Indochina –U.S. stops exporting oil to Japan –U.S. moves Pacific Fleet to Pearl Harbor 1941: Japan begins to plan attack against U.S. –Japan wants to invade Dutch East Indies for oil –Believes the U.S. will try to prevent Both sides engaged in negotiations to prevent war –Only the U.S. was serious

6. Attack on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 –353 Japanese Airplanes –6 Japanese Aircraft Carriers –2 hours –2,403 killed

7. Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941 A date which will live in infamy!

8. War Declared December 8, 1941 the U.S. declares war on Japan –Only 1 dissenting vote in Congress December 11, 1941 Germany & Italy declare war on the U.S.

10. The Big Three Un-easy alliance between Stalin, FDR & Churchill –The enemy of my enemy is my friend Work together to 1 st defeat Hitler, then concentrate on Japan Stalin wanted Britain & U.S. to re-open the Western Front

11. Battle of Stalingrad Aug 1942 - Feb 1943 Biggest battle between Germany & Soviet Union Intense city battle Germany loses, but Soviet Union sustains heavy losses Turning Point of European Theater –Hitler now fighting defensively

12. Operation Torch North African Campaign Axis powers, led by General Rommel, control North Africa Allies believe this is the weakest area & plan to invade Operation lasts from Nov 1942 – May 1943 Gen. Erwin Rommel, The “Desert Fox”

13. Operation Torch North African Campaign Gen. George Patton leads American troops Major defeat of Axis Powers at the Battle of El Alamein

14. The Italian Campaign : Europe’s “Soft Underbelly” Invasion began in July 1943 Led by Patton Slow going Liberated Rome in June 1944 Fighting continued until Spring 1945

15. Mussolini & His Mistress, Are Hung in Milan, 1945

16. D-Day (June 6, 1944) Britain & the U.S. decide to re-open the Western Front Decision made to invade France at Normandy Called Operation Overlord Led by General Dwight Eisenhower

17. Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day [“Operation Overlord”]

18. Normandy Landing (June 6, 1944 ) Higgins Landing Crafts German Prisoners

19. D-Day (June 6, 1944) Will be successful Allies begin moving east toward Germany while the Soviet Union moves west Paris liberated August 25, 1944

20. Battle of the Bulge Hitler’s last offensive battle Trying to break Allied supply line in Belgium Ardennes Will lose Dec. 16, 1944 to Jan. 28, 1945

21. Yalta Conference: February, 1945 Stalin agrees to enter war against Japan 3 months after German surrender. All agreed to free European elections after the war Established the basics of the U.N. Germany will be divided into zones of influence after the war

22. U.S. & Russian Soldiers Victory April 25, 1945 – Allied troops from the West & East meet at the Elbe River Head north toward Berlin

23. The Holocaust Allies discovered the horrors of the Holocaust while liberating Europe from Hitler

24. War Ends in Europe Hitler commits suicide April 30, 1945 May 7, 1945: Germany surrenders May 8, 1945: VE Day

27. Pacific Theater of Operations

28. The Philippines Dec 1941: Japan gains control of U.S Guam, Wake Island, & Gilbert Islands Wants the Philippines General Douglas MacArthur forced to leave –“I shall return” Philippines under Japanese control by March 1942

29. Bataan Death March American troops in Philippines become POW Forced to march 60 miles on Bataan Peninsula to prison camp Were tortured & killed along the way 18,000 troops (U.S. & Filipinos) did not make it

30. U.S. Battle Japan at Sea Battle of Coral Sea (May 1942) Battle of Midway (June 1942) –Turning Point

31. Battle of Midway Island: June 4-6, 1942

32. Island Hopping Developed by MacArthur Need land close to Japan to stage an invasion Begin with least fortified islands Amphibious Attack Starts with Guadalcanal

33. Allied Counter-Offensive: “Island-Hopping”

34. Japanese Kamikaze Planes Japanese losing by mid 1943 –Not the industrial giant the U.S. is Begin using Kamikaze attacks in 1944 –Pilot flies his plane into U.S. ship

35. MacArthur Returns to the Philippines Oct 1944: U.S. has won the battle of Luzon & Leyte Gulf MacArthur has recaptured the Philippines

36. Iwo Jima & Okinawa U.S. capture Iwo Jima Feb 1945 Fierce fighting on Okinawa until April 1945 U.S. now within striking distance & will prepare for invasion

37. Potsdam Conference July 1945 FDR dead Stalin agrees to declare war on Japan They warn Japan to unconditionally surrender or face “complete and utter destruction” P.M. Clement President Joseph Atlee Truman Stalin

38. Manhattan Project Established in 1942 to develop an atomic weapon Success! July 16, 1945 tested the Trinity bomb at Alamogordo, NM Dr. Robert Oppenheimer

39. Hiroshima & Nagasaki August 6, 1945: “Little Boy” dropped on Hiroshima August 9, 1945: “Fat Man” dropped on Nagasaki Controversial decision made to spare U.S. lives Little Boy Fat Man

40. Hiroshima – August 6, 1945 70,000 killed immediately.70,000 killed immediately. 100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later.100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later.

41. Nagasaki – August 9, 1945 40,000 killed immediately40,000 killed immediately 100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later.100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later.

42. Japanese A-Bomb Survivors

43. V-J Day (August 14, 1945) Official End to the war: September 2, 1945

44. V-J Day in Times Square, NYC

46. Costs of WWII Direct Costs of the War Military Killed/MIA Civilians Killed United States$288 Billion292,131XX Great Britain$117 Billion271,31160,595 France$111.3 Billion205,707173,260 USSR$93 Billion13,600,0007,720,000 Germany$212.3 Billion 3,300,0002,893,000 Japan$41.3 Billion1,140,429953,000

47. Massive Human Dislocations

48. The Creation of the U.N.

49. The Division of Germany: 1945 - 1990

50. The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two Superpowers of the later 20 th century

51. The Nuremberg War Trials: Crimes Against Humanity

52. Japanese War Crimes Trials General Hideki Tojo