1. Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

2. Circulatory System (section 1)
Connects the muscles and organs of the body through an extensive system of vessels that transport blood, a mixture of specialized cells, and fluid.

3. Circulatory System (section 1)
Different molecules the move through the cardiovascular system are:
- Nutrients from digested food
- Oxygen from the lungs
- Metabolic wastes (carbon dioxide)
- Hormones
- Lastly, it distributes heat more or less evenly to maintain constant
body temperature

4. Circulatory System (section 1)
Arteries = blood vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart (red on diagrams)
Capillaries = tiny blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases, nutrients, hormones, and other molecules in the blood
Veins = blood vessels that carry blood BACK to the heart (blue on diagrams)

5. Section 37.2 Summary – pages 975-984
Your Blood Vessels: Pathways of Circulation
The three main types of blood vessels are arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Aorta
Right pulmonary artery (lung)
Left pulmonary artery (lung)
Right pulmonary veins (lungs)
Capillaries in lungs
Left pulmonary veins (lungs)
Vena cava
Heart
Systemic veins
Systemic arteries
Section 37.2 Summary – pages

6. Circulatory System (section 1)
A valve is a one-way flap of tissue that ensures that the blood or fluid that passes through does not flow back.

8. Lymphatic System
Collects and recycles fluids that leaked form the cardiovascular system and is involved in fighting infections.
Lymph tissue is located in the: spleen, thymus, tonsils, bone marrow
***Also defends the body against bacteria, virus, other infecting microbes, and cancerous cells (works with the immune system)

9. Plasma
About 60% of the total volume of blood is plasma (90% water/ 10% solutes)

10. Three types of cells in blood
Red blood cells (RBC = erythrocytes)-cells that carry oxygen. Lack nuclei and cannot make proteins or repair themselves
Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that binds oxygen in the lungs and transports it to the tissues of the body
Anemia = a condition in which the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood is reduced

11. Section 37.2 Summary – pages 975-984
Red blood cells: Oxygen carriers
Side view
2.0 micrometers
The round, disk-shaped cells in blood are red blood cells.
Top view
7.5 micrometers
Red blood cells carry oxygen to body cells.
Section 37.2 Summary – pages

12. Three types of cells in blood
White blood cells (leukocytes) - 1 or 2 cells for every 1,000 RBC and has a primary job to defend the body against disease (works with the immune system)

13. Three types of cells in blood
Platelets – cell fragments (important for clotting of blood)
Hemophilia is a blood clotting disease

14. Section 37.2 Summary – pages 975-984
Blood surface antigens determine blood group
Blood plasma contains proteins, called antibodies (AN tih bahd eez), that are shaped to correspond with the different blood surface antigens.
Section 37.2 Summary – pages

15. AB = Universal Recipient O = Universal Donor
Blood Type
Can Receive Blood From:
Can Donate Blood To: A
O, A
A, AB B
O, B
B, AB AB
O, A, B, AB O
AB = Universal Recipient
O = Universal Donor
Rh factor = people who have this protien are said to be Rh + and those who lack it are Rh –

16. Section 37.2 Summary – pages 975-984
Rh factor
Rh factor can cause complications in some pregnancies.
First pregnancy
Placenta
Rh+ antigens
Mother is exposed to Rh antigens at the birth of her Rh+ baby.
Section 37.2 Summary – pages

17. Section 37.2 Summary – pages 975-984
Rh factor
Mother makes anti-Rh+ antibodies.
Possible subsequent pregnancies
During the mother’s next pregnancy, Rh antibodies can cross the placenta and endanger the fetus.
Anti-Rh+ antibodies
Section 37.2 Summary – pages

18. Question 2
Why is a person with type O blood considered to be a universal blood donor? (TX Obj 2; 10A)
Section 2 Check

19. Type O blood does not contain any antigens, therefore it does not spark an immune response from the body of a person receiving the blood.
Section 2 Check

20. Question 3 A. red blood cells B. white blood cells C. plasma
What component of blood is responsible for helping your blood clot? (TX Obj 2; 10A)
A. red blood cells
B. white blood cells
C. plasma
D. platelets
The answer is D.
Section 2 Check

21. The Heart (section 2)
The right side of the heart is responsible for driving the pulmonary circulation loop, which pumps oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs
The left side of the heart is responsible for driving the systemic circulation loop, which pumps oxygen-rich blood through a network of arteries to the tissues of the body.

22. The Heart (section 2)
Atria = are chambers that receive blood returning to the heart
Ventricles = thick walled chambers that pump blood away from the heart

23. Summary of Blood Flow 1. Superior Vena Cava (upper body) and
Inferior Vena Cava (lower body) – sends
oxygen poor blood to the right atrium
2. Right Atrium – sends blood to the right
ventricle
3. Right Ventricle – sends blood to the
pulmonary artery
4. Pulmonary Arteries - sends blood to the
lungs to become oxygenated

24. Summary of Blood Flow 5. Pulmonary Veins – returns blood to
the left atrium from the lungs
6. Left Atrium – sends blood to the left
ventricle
7. Left Ventricle – sends blood to the
aorta
8. Aorta – sends blood to the coronary
arteries, the brain, and the rest of the
body (sends fresh oxygen to body)

26. Section 37.2 Summary – pages 975-984
The passage of blood
Superior vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Aorta LA
Pulmonary vein RA LV RV
Capillaries
Inferior vena cava
Left lung
Right lung
Section 37.2 Summary – pages

27. Sinoatrial Node (SA/ Pacemaker) = contraction of the heart is initiated by a small cluster of cardiac muscle cells
Blood Pressure – is the force exerted by blood as it moves through blood vessels
120 (systolic) / 80 (diastolic) = good reading
in adults

28. Disorders of the Heart
Heart attack occurs when an area of the heart muscle stops working and dies
***NOTE:
Stroke is when an area of the brain dies

29. Question 4
Why are the walls in ventricles thicker and more muscular than the walls in the atria?
(TX Obj 2; 10A)
Section 2 Check

30. Answer Superior vena cava Right lung Arch of aorta Pulmonary trunk
Section 2 Check
Answer
Superior vena cava
Right lung
Arch of aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Right coronary artery
Rib (cut)
Left lung
Left coronary artery
Cut edge of pericardium
Diaphragm

31. The Respiratory System (section 3)

32. The Respiratory System (section 3)
1. Oxygen from the outside air reaches the lungs
2. The oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries. At the high oxygen levels that occur in the blood within the lungs, most hemoglobin molecules carry a full load of oxygen.

33. The Respiratory System (section 3)
3. The oxygen-rich blood then travels to the heart. The heart pumps the blood to the tissues of the body.
4. Oxygen diffuses into the cells for use during aerobic respiration. In the tissues, oxygen levels are lower. This causes the hemoglobin to release its oxygen
Hemoglobin

34. The Respiratory System (section 3)
5. In tissues, the presence of carbon dioxide produced by cellular respiration makes the blood more acidic and causes the hemoglobin molecules to assume a different shape, one that gives up oxygen more easily. The carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells to the blood.

35. The Respiratory System (section 3)
6. Most of the carbon dioxide travels to the heart as bicarbonate ions.
7. The heart pumps the blood to the lungs. In the lungs, carbon dioxide is released to its gaseous form to the alveoli.
8. The carbon dioxide is expelled.

36. Section 37.1 Summary – pages 971-974
The path air takes
Pharynx
Nasal cavity
Medulla oblongata
Epiglottis
Larynx
Esophagus
Trachea
Bronchus
Right lung
Bronchiole
Left lung
Diaphragm
Section 37.1 Summary – pages

37. Section 37.1 Summary – pages 971-974
Respiration and Lung Function
Click image to view movie.
Section 37.1 Summary – pages

38. Diseases of the Respiratory System
Asthma – a chronic condition in which the bronchioles of the lungs become inflamed because of their sensitivity to certain stimuli in the air.

39. Diseases of the Respiratory System
Emphysema – a chronic pulmonary disease resulting from chemical imbalances that destroys elastic fibers in the lungs.
Normal
Emphysema

40. Diseases of the Respiratory System
Lung Cancer – one of the leading causes of death
in the world today

41. Two Kinds of Circulatory Systems
Open Circulatory System – a heart pumps fluid containing oxygen and nutrients through a series of vessels out into the body cavity. Here the fluid washes across the body’s tissues, supplying them with oxygen and nutrients.
EXAMPLE: Earthworms

42. Two Kinds of Circulatory Systems
Closed Circulatory System – a heart pumps blood through a system of blood vessels. Here the blood vessels form a network that permits blood flow from the heart to all of the body’s cells and back again.
EXAMPLE: Humans

43. Section 37.2 Summary – pages 975-984
Your Blood Vessels: Pathways of Circulation
The three main types of blood vessels are arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Aorta
Right pulmonary artery (lung)
Left pulmonary artery (lung)
Right pulmonary veins (lungs)
Capillaries in lungs
Left pulmonary veins (lungs)
Vena cava
Heart
Systemic veins
Systemic arteries
Section 37.2 Summary – pages

44. Question 5 A. in the blood B. in capillaries C. in alveoli
Where does gas exchange occur during respiration? (TX Obj 2; 10A)
A. in the blood
B. in capillaries
C. in alveoli
D. in the diaphragm
Section 1 Check

45. Alveoli
The answer is C. Alveoli are the sacs of the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.
O2 – rich blood
Capillary network
CO2 – rich blood
Alveolus
Section 1 Check

46. Question 6 How does the diaphragm enable
your lungs to fill with air when you
inhale? (TX Obj 2; 10A)
Section 1 Check

47. Lung when inhaling
Position of ribs when inhaling
When you inhale, the diaphragm flattens, enlarging the chest cavity and drawing air into the lungs.
Position of diaphragm when inhaling
Section 1 Check