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Lab 1 – Blood Composition and formed elements

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1 Lab 1 – Blood Composition and formed elements
Plasma 55% of whole blood 90% water 8% proteins from liver 2% misc. Nutrients: AA, glucose, lipids vitamins, minerals Wastes: urea, uric acid, creatine, ammonium salts, lactic acid Gases: some CO2 and some O2 Electrolytes: Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca++, H+ Hormones

2 Leukocytes and platelets = buffy coat (<1%)
Formed Elements Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets make up the formed elements – 45% of whole blood Leukocytes - WBCs Erythrocytes - RBCs (99%) Platelets – Thrombocytes - fragments Leukocytes and platelets = buffy coat (<1%)

3 • Least dense component
Formed elements Plasma • 55% of whole blood • Least dense component Buffy coat • Leukocytes and platelets • <1% of whole blood Erythrocytes 1 Withdraw blood and place in tube. Centrifuge the blood sample. 2 • 45% of whole blood • Most dense component 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho Figure 17.1

4 Platelets Erythrocytes Monocyte Neutrophils Lymphocyte 1/10/2010
Mickey Dufilho Figure 17.2

5 2.5 µm Side view (cut) 7.5 µm Top view 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho
Figure 17.3

6 Make up <1% of total blood volume
Leukocytes Make up <1% of total blood volume Can leave capillaries via diapedesis Move through tissue spaces by ameboid motion and positive chemotaxis Leukocytosis: WBC count over 11,000/mm3 Normal response to bacterial or viral invasion 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho

7 Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Cytoplasmic granules stain specifically with Wright’s stain Larger and shorter-lived than RBCs Lobed nuclei Phagocytic 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho

8 Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)
Neutrophils Most numerous WBCs Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) Fine granules take up both acidic and basic dyes Give the cytoplasm a lilac color Granules contain hydrolytic enzymes or defensins Very phagocytic—“bacteria slayers” 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho

9 (a) Neutrophil; multilobed nucleus (b) Eosinophil; bilobed nucleus,
red cytoplasmic granules (c) Basophil; bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho Figure (a-c)

10 Red-staining, bilobed nuclei
Eosinophils 1 – 4% of WBC Red-staining, bilobed nuclei Red to crimson (acidophilic) coarse, lysosome-like granules Digest parasitic worms that are too large to be phagocytized Modulators of the immune response 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho

11 (a) Neutrophil; multilobed nucleus (b) Eosinophil; bilobed nucleus,
red cytoplasmic granules (c) Basophil; bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho Figure (a-c)

12 Large, purplish-black (basophilic) granules contain histamine
Basophils Rarest WBCs Large, purplish-black (basophilic) granules contain histamine Histamine: an inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs to inflamed sites Are functionally similar to mast cells 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho

13 (a) Neutrophil; multilobed nucleus (b) Eosinophil; bilobed nucleus,
red cytoplasmic granules (c) Basophil; bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho Figure (a-c)

14 Agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes
Lack visible cytoplasmic granules Have spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho

15 Lymphocytes 25% or more of WBC
Large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm Mostly in lymphoid tissue; few circulate in the blood Crucial to immunity Two types T cells act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells B cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho

16 (d) Small lymphocyte; large spherical nucleus (e) Monocyte;
kidney-shaped nucleus 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho Figure 17.10d, e

17 Monocytes 4 – 8% of WBC The largest leukocytes
Abundant pale-blue cytoplasm Dark purple-staining, U- or kidney-shaped nuclei Leave circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages Actively phagocytic cells; crucial against viruses, intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic infections Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho

18 (d) Small lymphocyte; large spherical nucleus (e) Monocyte;
kidney-shaped nucleus 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho Figure 17.10d, e

19 Platelets Small fragments of megakaryocytes
Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin Blue-staining outer region, purple granules Granules contain serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) Form a temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels Circulating platelets are kept inactive and mobile by NO and prostacyclin from endothelial cells of blood vessels 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho

20 Developmental pathway
Stem cell Developmental pathway Hemocyto- blast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryoblast Megakaryocyte Platelets 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho Figure 17.12

21 Diagnostic Blood Tests
Hematocrit Blood glucose tests Microscopic examination reveals variations in size and shape of RBCs, indications of anemias 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho

22 Diagnostic Blood Tests
Differential WBC count Prothrombin time and platelet counts assess hemostasis SMAC, a blood chemistry profile Complete blood count (CBC) 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho

23 Approximately the size of your fist Location
Heart Anatomy Approximately the size of your fist Location Superior surface of diaphragm Left of the midline Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum

24 Heart Anatomy Figure 18.1

25 Aorta Superior vena cava Left Right pulmonary artery pulmonary artery
Left atrium Pulmonary trunk Left pulmonary veins Right atrium Right pulmonary veins Mitral (bicuspid) valve Fossa ovalis Aortic valve Pectinate muscles Pulmonary valve Tricuspid valve Left ventricle Papillary muscle Right ventricle Chordae tendineae Interventricular septum Myocardium Trabeculae carneae Visceral pericardium Inferior vena cava Endocardium (e) Figure 18.4e

26 Heart Anatomy Figure 18.1

27 Pericardial Layers of the Heart
Figure 18.2

28 Aorta Superior vena cava Left Right pulmonary artery pulmonary artery
Left atrium Pulmonary trunk Left pulmonary veins Right atrium Right pulmonary veins Mitral (bicuspid) valve Fossa ovalis Aortic valve Pectinate muscles Pulmonary valve Tricuspid valve Left ventricle Papillary muscle Right ventricle Chordae tendineae Interventricular septum Myocardium Trabeculae carneae Visceral pericardium Inferior vena cava Endocardium (e) Figure 18.4e

29 Heart Valves Figure 18.8a, b

30 Heart Valves Figure 18.8c, d

31 interventricular artery (in anterior interventricular sulcus) Inferior
Left common carotid artery Brachiocephalic trunk Left subclavian artery Superior vena cava Aortic arch Right pulmonary artery Ligamentum arteriosum Ascending aorta Left pulmonary artery Left pulmonary veins Pulmonary trunk Left atrium Right pulmonary veins Auricle Right atrium Circumflex artery Right coronary artery (in coronary sulcus) Left coronary artery (in coronary sulcus) Anterior cardiac vein Left ventricle Right ventricle Great cardiac vein Marginal artery Small cardiac vein Anterior interventricular artery (in anterior interventricular sulcus) Inferior vena cava (b) Apex Figure 18.4b

32 interventricular artery (in posterior interventricular sulcus)
(d) Superior vena cava Right pulmonary artery pulmonary veins Right atrium Right coronary artery (in coronary sulcus) Right ventricle Coronary sinus Middle cardiac vein Left Left atrium Auricle of left atrium Left ventricle Posterior vein of left ventricle Posterior interventricular artery (in posterior interventricular sulcus) Great cardiac vein Apex Inferior Aorta Figure 18.4d


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