1. Lab 1 – Blood Composition and formed elements
Plasma
55% of whole blood
90% water
8% proteins from liver
2% misc.
Nutrients: AA, glucose, lipids vitamins, minerals
Wastes: urea, uric acid, creatine, ammonium salts, lactic acid
Gases: some CO2 and some O2
Electrolytes: Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca++, H+
Hormones

2. Leukocytes and platelets = buffy coat (<1%)
Formed Elements
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets make up the formed elements – 45% of whole blood
Leukocytes - WBCs
Erythrocytes - RBCs (99%)
Platelets – Thrombocytes - fragments
Leukocytes and platelets = buffy coat (<1%)

3. • Least dense component
Formed
elements
Plasma
• 55% of whole blood
• Least dense component
Buffy coat
• Leukocytes and platelets
• <1% of whole blood
Erythrocytes 1
Withdraw
blood and place
in tube.
Centrifuge the
blood sample. 2
• 45% of whole blood
• Most dense
component
1/10/2010
Mickey Dufilho
Figure 17.1

4. Platelets Erythrocytes Monocyte Neutrophils Lymphocyte 1/10/2010
Mickey Dufilho
Figure 17.2

5. 2.5 µm Side view (cut) 7.5 µm Top view 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho
Figure 17.3

6. Make up <1% of total blood volume
Leukocytes
Make up <1% of total blood volume
Can leave capillaries via diapedesis
Move through tissue spaces by ameboid motion and positive chemotaxis
Leukocytosis: WBC count over 11,000/mm3
Normal response to bacterial or viral invasion
1/10/2010
Mickey Dufilho

7. Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Cytoplasmic granules stain specifically with Wright’s stain
Larger and shorter-lived than RBCs
Lobed nuclei
Phagocytic
1/10/2010
Mickey Dufilho

8. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)
Neutrophils
Most numerous WBCs
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)
Fine granules take up both acidic and basic dyes
Give the cytoplasm a lilac color
Granules contain hydrolytic enzymes or defensins
Very phagocytic—“bacteria slayers”
1/10/2010
Mickey Dufilho

9. (a) Neutrophil; multilobed nucleus (b) Eosinophil; bilobed nucleus,
red cytoplasmic
granules
(c) Basophil;
bilobed nucleus,
purplish-black
cytoplasmic
granules
1/10/2010
Mickey Dufilho
Figure (a-c)

10. Red-staining, bilobed nuclei
Eosinophils
1 – 4% of WBC
Red-staining, bilobed nuclei
Red to crimson (acidophilic) coarse, lysosome-like granules
Digest parasitic worms that are too large to be phagocytized
Modulators of the immune response
1/10/2010
Mickey Dufilho

11. (a) Neutrophil; multilobed nucleus (b) Eosinophil; bilobed nucleus,
red cytoplasmic
granules
(c) Basophil;
bilobed nucleus,
purplish-black
cytoplasmic
granules
1/10/2010
Mickey Dufilho
Figure (a-c)

12. Large, purplish-black (basophilic) granules contain histamine
Basophils
Rarest WBCs
Large, purplish-black (basophilic) granules contain histamine
Histamine: an inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs to inflamed sites
Are functionally similar to mast cells
1/10/2010
Mickey Dufilho

13. (a) Neutrophil; multilobed nucleus (b) Eosinophil; bilobed nucleus,
red cytoplasmic
granules
(c) Basophil;
bilobed nucleus,
purplish-black
cytoplasmic
granules
1/10/2010
Mickey Dufilho
Figure (a-c)

14. Agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes
Lack visible cytoplasmic granules
Have spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei
1/10/2010
Mickey Dufilho

15. Lymphocytes 25% or more of WBC
Large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm
Mostly in lymphoid tissue; few circulate in the blood
Crucial to immunity
Two types
T cells act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells
B cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies
1/10/2010
Mickey Dufilho

16. (d) Small lymphocyte; large spherical nucleus (e) Monocyte;
kidney-shaped
nucleus
1/10/2010
Mickey Dufilho
Figure 17.10d, e

17. Monocytes 4 – 8% of WBC The largest leukocytes
Abundant pale-blue cytoplasm
Dark purple-staining, U- or kidney-shaped nuclei
Leave circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages
Actively phagocytic cells; crucial against viruses, intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic infections
Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response
1/10/2010
Mickey Dufilho

18. (d) Small lymphocyte; large spherical nucleus (e) Monocyte;
kidney-shaped
nucleus
1/10/2010
Mickey Dufilho
Figure 17.10d, e

19. Platelets Small fragments of megakaryocytes
Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin
Blue-staining outer region, purple granules
Granules contain serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
Form a temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
Circulating platelets are kept inactive and mobile by NO and prostacyclin from endothelial cells of blood vessels
1/10/2010
Mickey Dufilho

20. Developmental pathway
Stem cell
Developmental pathway
Hemocyto-
blast
Promegakaryocyte
Megakaryoblast
Megakaryocyte
Platelets
1/10/2010
Mickey Dufilho
Figure 17.12

21. Diagnostic Blood Tests
Hematocrit
Blood glucose tests
Microscopic examination reveals variations in size and shape of RBCs, indications of anemias
1/10/2010
Mickey Dufilho

22. Diagnostic Blood Tests
Differential WBC count
Prothrombin time and platelet counts assess hemostasis
SMAC, a blood chemistry profile
Complete blood count (CBC)
1/10/2010
Mickey Dufilho

23. Approximately the size of your fist Location
Heart Anatomy
Approximately the size of your fist
Location
Superior surface of diaphragm
Left of the midline
Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum

24. Heart Anatomy
Figure 18.1

25. Aorta Superior vena cava Left Right pulmonary artery pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Pulmonary trunk
Left
pulmonary veins
Right atrium
Right
pulmonary veins
Mitral
(bicuspid) valve
Fossa
ovalis
Aortic
valve
Pectinate
muscles
Pulmonary
valve
Tricuspid
valve
Left ventricle
Papillary
muscle
Right ventricle
Chordae
tendineae
Interventricular
septum
Myocardium
Trabeculae
carneae
Visceral
pericardium
Inferior
vena cava
Endocardium
(e)
Figure 18.4e

26. Heart Anatomy
Figure 18.1

27. Pericardial Layers of the Heart
Figure 18.2

28. Aorta Superior vena cava Left Right pulmonary artery pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Pulmonary trunk
Left
pulmonary veins
Right atrium
Right
pulmonary veins
Mitral
(bicuspid) valve
Fossa
ovalis
Aortic
valve
Pectinate
muscles
Pulmonary
valve
Tricuspid
valve
Left ventricle
Papillary
muscle
Right ventricle
Chordae
tendineae
Interventricular
septum
Myocardium
Trabeculae
carneae
Visceral
pericardium
Inferior
vena cava
Endocardium
(e)
Figure 18.4e

29. Heart Valves
Figure 18.8a, b

30. Heart Valves
Figure 18.8c, d

31. interventricular artery (in anterior interventricular sulcus) Inferior
Left common
carotid artery
Brachiocephalic
trunk
Left
subclavian artery
Superior
vena cava
Aortic arch
Right
pulmonary artery
Ligamentum
arteriosum
Ascending
aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary veins
Pulmonary trunk
Left atrium
Right
pulmonary veins
Auricle
Right atrium
Circumflex
artery
Right coronary
artery (in coronary
sulcus)
Left coronary
artery (in coronary
sulcus)
Anterior
cardiac vein
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Marginal artery
Small cardiac vein
Anterior
interventricular artery
(in anterior
interventricular sulcus)
Inferior
vena cava
(b)
Apex
Figure 18.4b

32. interventricular artery (in posterior interventricular sulcus)
(d)
Superior
vena cava
Right
pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
Right atrium
Right coronary
artery (in coronary
sulcus)
Right ventricle
Coronary sinus
Middle cardiac vein
Left
Left atrium
Auricle
of left atrium
Left ventricle
Posterior vein
of left ventricle
Posterior
interventricular artery
(in posterior
interventricular sulcus)
Great cardiac vein
Apex
Inferior
Aorta
Figure 18.4d