1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 12 The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Lymphatic System  Consists of two semi-independent parts 1. Lymphatic vessels 2. Lymphoid tissues and organs

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Lymphatic System  Lymphatic system functions 1. Transports escaped fluids back to the blood 2. Plays essential roles in body defense and resistance to disease http://www.yo utube.com/watch?v=Kh-XdNnTZ Uo

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

6. Lymphatic Characteristics  Lymph—excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic vessels  Properties of lymphatic vessels  One way system toward the heart  No pump  Lymph moves toward the heart  Milking action of skeletal muscle  Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in vessel walls

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  How are lymphatic vessels and blood vessels alike?

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymphatic Vessels Figure 12.2b Walls overlap  make minivalves High pressure on the inside closes minivalves Fluid is forced along the vessel

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymphadema

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymphatic Collecting Vessels  Return fluid to the subclavian veins  Right lymphatic duct  Drains right arm & right side of head and thorax  Thoracic duct  Drains lymph from rest of body

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

12. Review Questions  If there’s no pump, how does lymph move?  What is lymph?  Why does it have to be cleansed?  Why does lymph have to be returned to the blood? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BX8fBlme9vQ Start at 03 seconds, stop at 2:19

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymph  Harmful materials enter lymph vessels:  Bacteria  Viruses  Cancer cells  Cell debris  WHY?!?

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymph Nodes  Filter lymph before it is returned to the blood  Defense cells within lymph nodes  Macrophages—engulf and destroy foreign substances  Lymphocytes—recognize & attack antigens

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymph Nodes Figure 12.3

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymph Node Structure  Most are kidney-shaped and less than 1 inch long  Cortex  Outer part  Contains follicles —dark, collections of lymphocytes  Medulla  Inner part  Contains phagocytic macrophages

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Flow of Lymph Through Nodes  Lymph enters the convex side through afferent lymphatic vessels  Lymph flows through a number of sinuses inside the node  Lymph exits through efferent lymphatic vessels  Fewer efferent than afferent vessels  slow flow... Why? Organs of the Lymphatic System

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Other Lymphoid Organs  Several other organs contribute to lymphatic function  Spleen  Thymus  Tonsils  Peyer’s patches

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Other Lymphoid Organs Figure 12.5

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spleen  Located on the left side of the abdomen  Filters blood  Destroys worn out blood cells- recycles iron  Forms blood cells in the fetus  Acts as a blood reservoir

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thymus Gland  Located low in the throat, overlying the heart  Functions at peak levels only during childhood  Produces hormones to program lymphocytes

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tonsils  Small masses of lymphoid tissue around the pharynx  Trap and remove bacteria and other foreign antigens  Tonsillitis is caused by congestion with bacteria

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Peyer’s Patches  Found in the wall of the small intestine  Resemble tonsils in structure  Capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)  Includes  Peyer’s patches  Tonsils  Other small accumulations of lymphoid tissue  Acts as a sentinel to protect respiratory and digestive tracts

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Read pages 403-408 to review  DO IT!!! If you want…read on through innate body defenses (ends on page 415) to prep for Tuesday

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Defenses  The body is constantly in contact with bacteria, fungi, and viruses  The body has two defense systems for foreign materials  Innate (nonspecific) defense system  Adaptive (specific) defense system  Immunity—specific resistance to disease

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Immune System Figure 12.6 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qr mashOX5EUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qr mashOX5EU Bugs that live on us

28. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Defenses  Innate defense system (nonspecific defense)  Protect against many invaders  Responds immediately to protect body from foreign materials/antigens  Adaptive defense system (specific defense)  Specific defense is required for each type of invader

29. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Innate Body Defenses Table 12.1 (1 of 2)

30. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Surface Membrane Barriers: 1 st Line of Defense  Skin and mucous membranes  Physical barriers  Make protective secretions  Low pH of the skin is acidic  inhibits bacterial growth  Sebum (oil made by skin) is toxic to bacteria  Stomach mucosa  Secretes HCl & protein-digesting enzymes  Saliva and lacrimal fluid (tears) contain lysozymes  enzyme that destroy bacteria  Mucus traps microorganisms 

31. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells and Chemicals: 2 nd Line of Defense  Works when physical barriers fail  Includes:  Phagocytes  Natural killer cells  Inflammatory response  Antimicrobial proteins  Fever

32. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells and Chemicals: Second Line of Defense  Phagocytes  Cells such as neutrophils and macrophages  Engulf foreign material into a vacuole  endocytosis  Enzymes from lysosomes digest the material

33. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Phagocytes Figure 12.7a

34. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.7b, step 1 Microbe adheres to phagocyte (b)

35. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.7b, step 2a Microbe adheres to phagocyte Phagocyte engulfs the particle (b)

36. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.7b, step 2b Lysosome Microbe adheres to phagocyte Phagocyte engulfs the particle Phagocytic vesicle containing microbe antigen (phagosome) (b)

37. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.7b, step 3 Lysosome Microbe adheres to phagocyte Phagocyte engulfs the particle Phagocytic vesicle is fused with a lysosome Phagocytic vesicle containing microbe antigen (phagosome) Phagolysosome Lysosomal enzymes (b)

38. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.7b, step 4 Lysosome Microbe adheres to phagocyte Phagocyte engulfs the particle Phagocytic vesicle is fused with a lysosome Microbe in fused vesicle is killed and digested by lysosomal enzymes within the phagolysosome Phagocytic vesicle containing microbe antigen (phagosome) Phagolysosome Lysosomal enzymes (b)

39. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.7b, step 5 Lysosome Microbe adheres to phagocyte Phagocyte engulfs the particle Phagocytic vesicle is fused with a lysosome Microbe in fused vesicle is killed and digested by lysosomal enzymes within the phagolysosome Indigestible and residual material is removed by exocytosis Phagocytic vesicle containing microbe antigen (phagosome) Phagolysosome Lysosomal enzymes (b)

40. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Internal Innate Defenses: Cells and Chemicals  Natural killer (NK) cells  NOT phagocytes  Can lyse and kill cancer cells and other non-self cells  Use perforins  enzymes that degrade the cell membranes and nuclei  Can destroy virus-infected cells http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =HNP1EAYLhOs

41. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings REVIEW  When is the second line of defense important? Why do we have to have it in order to be healthy?  What makes up the 1 st line of defense in the innate defense system?  Compare & Contrast phagocytes and natural killer cells

42. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells and Chemicals: Second Line of Defense  Inflammatory response  Triggered when body tissues are injured  Four most common indicators of acute inflammation...  Results in a chain of events leading to protection and healing  Prevents spreading of invaders  Destorys dead tissue & invaders  Sets the stage for repair

43. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells and Chemicals: Second Line of Defense  Phagocytosis  Neutrophils move by diapedesis to clean up damaged tissue and/or pathogens (short-lived)  Monocytes that leave the blood become macrophages and complete disposal of cell debris

44. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.8 Flowchart of Inflammatory Events

45. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.9, step 1 Enter blood from bone marrow Inflammatory chemicals diffusing from the inflamed site act as chemotactic agents Neutrophils 1

46. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.9, step 2 Enter blood from bone marrow Endothelium Capillary wall Cling to vascular wall Inflammatory chemicals diffusing from the inflamed site act as chemotactic agents Basal lamina Neutrophils 1 2

47. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.9, step 3 Enter blood from bone marrow Endothelium Capillary wall Cling to vascular wall Diapedesis Inflammatory chemicals diffusing from the inflamed site act as chemotactic agents Basal lamina Neutrophils 1 2 3

48. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.9, step 4 Enter blood from bone marrow Endothelium Capillary wall Cling to vascular wall Diapedesis Positive chemotaxis Inflammatory chemicals diffusing from the inflamed site act as chemotactic agents Basal lamina Neutrophils 1 2 3 4

49. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.8 Flowchart of Inflammatory Events

50. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =suCKm97yvyk&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =_bNN95sA6-8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =_bNN95sA6-8 start @ 1:05

51. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inflammatory Response Review  You accidentally staple your finger to your essay… OUCH!!!! Explain what will happen inside of your body to prevent an infection. Be sure to state the four signs that the inflammatory response in going on and explain why.

52. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells and Chemicals: Second Line of Defense  Antimicrobial proteins  Attack microorganisms  Hinder reproduction of microorganisms  Most important  Complement proteins  Interferon http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072556781/student_view0/cha pter31/animation_quiz_2.html

53. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Complement Proteins  Group of over 20 proteins in blood  Activated when they encounter and attach to cells (complement fixation)  Damage foreign cell surfaces  cells lyse  Release vasodilators and chemotaxis chemicals  enhances inflammatory response http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072556781/student _view0/chapter31/animation_qui z_1.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_UsDrreJeo

54. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells and Chemicals: Second Line of Defense Figure 12.10

55. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Interferon  Proteins secreted by virus-infected cells  Bind to healthy cell surfaces to interfere with the ability of viruses to multiply http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072556781/student _view0/chapter31/animation_qui z_2.html

56. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fever  Abnormally high body temperature  Hypothalamus heat regulation can be reset by pyrogens (secreted by white blood cells)  High temperatures inhibit the release of iron and zinc from the liver and spleen needed by bacteria  Fever also increases the speed of tissue repair

57. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary of Nonspecific Body Defenses Table 12.1 (2 of 2)