1. Prep for Federalist Papers Republic (Representative Democracy) a government in which citizens elect representatives to make decisions for them Direct Democracy (or Pure Democracy) A government in which all citizens participate in decision-making Factions Special interests; any group that tries to dominate the political process to serve its own purposes

2. Confederal System Federalism Unitary Confederal System: States are sovereign. The national government exists only by the will of the states and may do only what is permitted by the states. Federal System: Sovereignty is shared between the state and national governments. Each type of government has different powers and different purposes. Unitary System: The national government is sovereign. State and local governments exist by the will of the national government. * What EXAMPLES?

3. Federalism What is it? What are the Advantages? National Interests vs. States’ Rights Did the fears of the Antifederalists come true?

4. McCulloch v. MD (1819) What was the issue? What was the holding? Key Clauses of the Constitution? –(Label these in your Constitution.)

5. National Powers Delegated Powers –Express or Enumerated (Label these.) –Implied Inherent Powers –e.g. immigration, deportation, acquire territory, diplomatic recognition Denied –Art. I, sec. 9, Bill of Rights, later Amendments –No tax on exports, No bill of Attainder, No ex post facto laws, etc.

6. State Powers Reserved 10th Amendment (Label this.) Denied –Also in 13th - 15th, 19th, 24th, 26th Amts. CONCURRENT POWERS

7. Interstate Commerce Dual Federalism - states & national equally supreme in own spheres –disappeared but returning? –Commerce Power: now applies to most commerce (stream analogy) Court Decisions –Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Supremacy Clause –US v. Lopez, Printz v. US, US v. Morrison

8. CLOSURE QUESTIONS Has the division of powers been blurred? Does the national government have too much or too little power over state and local policy? Jumps in Federal power: Civil War, WWI, New Deal, WWII, Cold War, Civil Rights, September 11 and War on Terrorism