1. Prayer to Our Guardian Angel
Angel of God, My Guardian Dear to whom God's love commits me here.
Ever this day be at my side to light and guard and rule and guide.
Amen.

2. Announcements Exam on Monday!! PPT notes on websites
Antonian vs. CC: Thursday 6/8pm
Sunday Clean up (9am -1pm)

3. Exam: Chapter 4 10 MULTIPLE-CHOICE 10 MATCHING (2 points each)
10/ 15 SHORT ANSWER
(5 points each)
1 ESSAY QUESTION
(10 points)

4. Study:
Your notes!
Review worksheets (#28-33, will be covered on the next exam)
Review readings!
Study Graphic Organizers!
Study, Study, Study!

5. Church Fathers and Heresies
Chapter 4
Church Fathers and Heresies

6. Athanasian Creed Profession of Faith The author is unknown.
Three Divine Persons of the Blessed Trinity
Incarnation of God the Son
Emphasizes the equality of the three different persons of the Trinity
A direct response to those who attacked the faith and introduced heresies into the Church

7. Early Heresies
Part I

8. Heresy:
“A species of unbelief, belonging to those who profess the Christian faith, but corrupt its dogmas”.
(St. Thomas Aquinas)

9. Heresies…
Deny or alter some part or parts of the Deposit of Faith

10. Material Heresy A heresy that results from a mistake.
Comes from a misjudgment, ignorance of the truth, etc.
Although, this heresy comes from a mistake, it is a GRAVE mistake that needs immediate correction.

11. Formal Heresy
Willingly choosing to keep doctrines that are contradictorily to those of the Church
Keeping doctrines that have been condemned as being false

12. Material Heresy Examples:
Jesus was a sinner
Mary was not a Virgin
God created Christ

13. Formal Heresy Examples:
Rejection of the Eucharist
Teaching that Jesus didn’t overcome death by way of the Resurrection
Rejecting the Church’s teaching on Sunday Obligation

14. Gnosticism Secret knowledge Exists a Demiurge (creator god)
Rejected MOST of the NT (Hebrews 1:4-14)
“The Kingdom of God is within you.” (Gospel of Thomas)

15. Gnosticism: View of Jesus
Jesus was merely a “messenger”
Jesus entrusted one disciple with secret teachings
Denied or limited the real humanity of Christ
Jesus not born: “appeared”

16. Gnosticism’s Ethics Rejected ethical teachings of the Church
Body = nature of evil:
1. self mutilation of the body
2. No possible way good soul can be damaged by actions of the body

17. Gnosticism: the Appeal??
Promised “salvation”: escape of the soul from the material world

18. Ridiculed by Church Fathers:
“My God made heaven and earth, and you cannot point to a measly vegetable yours has produced over all these centuries!”
Tertullian

19. Gnosticism: The Final Overview
What: Gnosticism
Who: ? (unknown)
Where: Judea/ Roman Empire
When: Birth of Christianity – Present day
Central Belief: Salvation may be achieved through knowledge
View of Christ: Christ was NOT human

20. Marcionism (144-400s) Founded by Marcion
Demiurge (god of the OT/Jealous god)
Jesus sent to destroy the OT god/Demiurge

21. Marcion: Founder of Marcionism
Father was a Bishop
Was a wealthy shipbuilder
Survived Empire’s “put down” of Jewish uprising
Excommunicated as a heretic

22. Marcionism: Jesus did not have a true human body/was not from God
Rejected the OT
Christian life must be freed from material reality

23. Marcionism Differed from Gnosticism:
Did not claim possession of secret knowledge
No unique scripture
No divine beings (pleroma)

24. Church’s Rejection of Marcionism:
Rejected Monotheism
Rejected creation was good
Rejected the true humanity of Jesus (death on Cross was payment to the creator god)

25. Marcionism: the Final Overview
What: Marcionism
Who: Marcion
When : s AD
Where: Rome
Central Belief: God of Jesus Christ sent to destroy the Demiurge
View of Christ: Jesus was NOT truly human

26. Manichaeism (250s –1000s): Elaborate brand of Gnosticism
Founded by Mani
Goal was to share a secret knowledge that led to liberation

27. Mani: Persian Condemned to death
Viewed self as a spiritual leader (Buddha, Jesus)
Provided path to true freedom

28. Manichaeists Believed …
Satan had stolen light particles from the brains of men/women
Goal was to liberate humanity from Satan
In living an ascetic life
Jesus was/is NOT Divine

29. Manichaeism: The Final Overview
What: Manichaeism
Who: Mani
When: 250s-1000s
Where: Persia/India (Roman Empire)
Central Belief: Man can be liberated from Satan through a secret knowledge
View of Christ: Jesus was NOT Divine (only a human spiritual leader)

30. Montanism (156-200) Were they an early women’s rights group?
A form of monasticism?
A strange group waiting for the end of the world?
… a little bit of all of these.

31. Montanus: Founder of Montanism Began movement by preaching
Originally a pagan priest
Excommunicated by the Church (Turkey)
Had two female prophets with him
Believed that the “end” was at hand

32. Montanism Age of the Father Age of the Son
Age of the Holy Spirit (final age)

33. Montanism New Heavenly movement would begin in Pepuza
Canon of Scripture should NOT be closed
“Charismatic”
Believed Church was too soft on sinners

34. Montanism: The Final Overview
What: Montanism
Who: Montanus
Where: Turkey/Rome/ Pepuza
When: s
Central Belief: A New heavenly kingdom would be revealed by the power of the Holy Spirit in Pepuza (the end was near)
View of Jesus Christ: Jesus was Divine and human

35. Docetism (30s-100s) Branch of Gnosticism “to appear”
Jesus’ humanity was merely an appearance

36. Docetism:
Jesus was did not suffer the pain of the Crucifixion and death
Preached that someone else switched places with Christ before the Crucifixion
Christ escaped from it.

37. Docetism: The final overview
What: Docetism
Who: ? (unknown)
When: s
Where: Roman Empire
Central Belief: Christ did NOT suffer the Crucifixion; Gnostic
View of Jesus Christ: Christ was not fully human

38. The Ecumenical Councils
Part II

39. Ecumenical Councils There has been 21 ecumenical councils
All the Bishops of the world (under the Pope) meet to discuss issues facing the Church.

40. Types of Councils
Synod
Diocesan
Provincial
Plenary

41. Synod:
Meeting between the Bishops and the Pope (their leader)

42. Diocesan Council
Meeting of the Bishops, laymen/laywomen, and representatives of the Clergy meet and discuss matters of the diocese.

43. Provincial Council
Meeting of the Archbishop with his suffragan bishops

44. Plenary Council
Meeting of all Bishops within a single nation

45. Church Fathers
Part III

46. Characteristics of the Church Fathers:
Orthodoxy in doctrine
Holiness
Notoriety
Antiquity
Two Groups: Latin/ Greek

47. Patristics
The writings of the Church Fathers

48. Doctor of the Church
Title only given by the Pope to those whose development of theology is extraordinary

49. St. Ambrose of Milan Governor of Milan
Anointed Bishop (was only a Catechumen)
Defended the independence of the Church from the State
Did not get along with Emperor(s) because of high moral standards

50. St. Jerome
Translated the Hebrew Bible into Latin (Vulgate)

51. Latin Vulgate Most accurate translation of the Bible
Translation of Scripture into Latin
Uniformed Scripture for the West

52. St. John Chrysostom the Golden Mouthed
Patriarch of Constantinople
Combined the Biblical Meaning with practical application/ captured the deep spiritual meaning
On the Priesthood: the morality of the priests.

53. St. John Chrysostom the Golden Mouthed
Called for a moral reform among the Emperors and Bishops.
He was twice banished by the Empress, but quickly returned from exile.
In 407, he was forced into a Death March.

54. Heresies of the Fourth and Fifth Centuries
Part IV

55. The “Golden Age” Lack of persecution
Christians experienced a renewed freedom

56. Alexandrian School
Gave special status to the Divinity of Christ

57. Antiochene Jesus’ followers were first called Christian.
Focused more on literal and historical meanings of Scriptures.

58. Arianism
Result of the manner that Christians had come to think about the Nature of Christ

59. Arianism …
Direct result of the Christians turning to Philosophy to explain their Faith

60. Pagan Philosophers … One Supreme Being
Supreme Being created pagan Gods
Could not conceive of how One God = One God

61. Christians …
Taught pagans the god the pagans worshipped is the same God that they worshiped

62. Arianism
Jesus is neither God nor equal to the Father

63. Arianism Reduced the status of Jesus to being a creature of the Father
Jesus, however, was above every other creature in dignity and perfection.

64. Arianism …
Denied the Church’s teaching that the logos was coeternal with God.

65. Arians Instead Believed …
That there “was when He was not”
God created “The Word”

66. Arianism: The Final Overview
What: Arianism
Who: Arius
When: Fourth Century
Where: Roman Empire/ Constantinople
Central Belief: Jesus was not Divine, but anointed by God to the position of “Supreme ‘Human’ Being”
View of Christ: Jesus was not Divine; was a Supreme “Human” Being

67. The Council of Nicaea (325 AD)
Convened by Constantine the Great
Primarily Addressed:
Arianism
Readmission of the lapsed
Election of Bishops
Role of the office of the Bishops

68. The Council of Nicaea (325 AD)
Failed to combat Arianism through Scripture alone
Developed a Creed to combat Arianism

69. Constantine/St. Athanasius:
homoousios –of the same substance –the Son was just as Divine as the Father.

70. The Council of Nicaea (325 AD)
The development of the Creed did NOT end the controversy!

71. What Developed: Homoousians : identical (Orthodox)
Homoiousians : similar(Arian)

72. After the Death of Constantine:
“The entire world woke from a deep slumber and discovered that it had become Arian.” St. Jerome

73. The Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed:
Second Ecumenical Council of Constantinople (381).

74. Differences Between the NC and N Creed:
2nd section = the Son.
3rd section = the Holy Spirit
last section = Church, Baptism, forgiveness of sins, and the Resurrection.
“from the substance of the Father” is absent in the later Creed.

75. Apollinarianism ( )
Apollinaris refused to accept the Church’s Authority

76. Apollinarianism (360-381) Christ had a human body
Denied that Christ had a human mind and will
Christ did not live a COMPLETE human life as a man
Word of God replaced rational soul

77. Apollinarianism: The final Overview
What: Apollinarianism
Who: Apollinaris
When:
Where: Syria (Eastern Roman Empire)
Central Belief: Denied existence of human mind and will in Christ
View of Christ: Christ did not live a complete human life

78. Nestorianism ( )
Christ was the unity of a Divine person and a full human person.
Mary = Christotokos “the bearer of Christ”

79. Nestorianism: the final Overview
What: Nestorianism
Who: Nestorius
When: 351 – 451
Where: Antiochene
Central Belief: Christ human and divine, but not fully human/divine
View of Christ: Ditto.

80. Monophysitism (400s-600s) Reaction to Nestorianism
Christ = ONE nature (Divine)

81. Monophysitism: The Final Overview
What: Monophysitism
When: 400s – 600s
Where: Alexandrian School
Who: ? Unknown
Central Belief: Christ did not have two natures – only Divine nature existed
View of Christ: Human nature absorbed by the Divine nature

82. Monothelitism: Response to Monophysitism
Emperor Heraclius/Patriarch Sergius
Pope Honorius: “one will”

83. Monothelitism: The Final Overview
What: Monothelitism
Who: Emperor Heraclius
When: 600s
Where: Constantinople/ Eastern Roman Empire
Central Belief: Christ had only One will. But two natures
View of Christ: Ditto.

84. Donastism (311-411) Sacramental Heresy
Sacraments are invalid:
1. Priest/Bishop formally rejected the Faith
2. Priest/Bishop in state of sin

85. Donastism Christ is the only true administrator of the Sacraments
(Augustine)

86. Donastism: The Final Overview
What: Donastism
Who: ? (those who rejected the ordination of Bishop Caecillan )
Where: Carthage (Roman Empire)
When: ( )
Central Belief: Sacraments are invalid if done by a lapsed priest or Bishop
View of Christ: Jesus was human and Divine (Orthodox)

87. Pelagianism (late 300s-431): Dogmatic Heresy
Man can be redeemed and sanctified without grace
No Original Sin
Sacraments are unnecessary

88. Pelagianism: The final Overview
What: Pelagianism
Who: Pelagius
Where: Roman Empire
When: 300s - 431
Central Belief: Sacraments are unnecessary; Graces can be achieved by own human efforts
View of Christ: Orthodox