1. Ancient Greece
Do you rake leaves in the fall? Do you walk uphill to school? Your answers explain how geography shapes your life. We will learn how geography shaped life in early Greece.

2. Ancient Greece Balkan Peninsula
The geography of Greece influenced where people settled and what they did. It also discouraged unity because the mountains the seas kept the Greeks apart. Therefore, early Greek communities became fiercely independent.

3. The Geography of Greece
Mainland is a peninsula.
Trading and fishing
Farming – wheat, barley, olives, and grapes
Fiercely independent due to being divided by mts and seas

4. The Minoans Island of Crete Earned living by shipbuilding and trade
Arthur Evans
Knossos
Collapsed about
1450 B.C.
Theories
Their civilization was the first to arise in the region that later became Greece. Therefore, they were not Greeks They made their wealth from trade. Traded pottery and stone vases for ivory and metals. By 2000 B.C., their ships controlled the eastern Mediterranean Sea. They carried goods to foreign ports and kept the sea free of pirates. Theories of its collapse --- undersea earthquakes caused giant waves that washed away the Minoans' cities or destroyed by a group of Greeks from the mainland. These invaders were called the Mycenaeans.

5. Palace at Knossos
Palace covered about 5 acres and had 100s of rooms. Twisting passageways; Private quarters for royal family; Storerooms packed with oil, wine, and grain; Workshops for making jewelry, vases, and small ivory statutes; bathrooms with running water, toilets, and bathtubs

6. Wall painting from Knossos
This wall painted from Knossos shows Minoans participating in a dangerous sport called bull leaping.

7. The First Greek Kingdoms
Built by the Mycenaeans who were originally from central Asia
Warriors became nobles who ruled the people they conquered.
German - Heinrich Schliemann - discovered one of their walled palaces in Mycenae and named the people of this civilization the Mycenaeans.

8. What were Mycenaean Kingdoms like?
Fortified palace on a hill --- centerpiece of each kingdom
Large farms (estates) belonged to nobles
Slaves and farmers lived on the estates
Artisans tanned leather, sewed clothes, and made jars for wine and olive oil. Other workers made bronze swords and ox-hide shields. Gov't officials kept track of the wealth of every person in the kingdom. Then they collected wheat, livestock, and honey as taxes and stored them in the palaces Walls averaged 15 feet thick and may have stood up to 50 feet high. Later, Greeks picked the Cyclopes (one-eyed, mythical giants) as the most likely builders. They called the walls cyclopean, the name by which they are still known.

9. Power from Trade and War
Copied the ways Minoans
Work with bronze and shipbuilding
Learned how to use sun and stars at sea
Started worshipping Mother Earth (Minoans’ chief goddess)
Replaced Minoans as a major power
King Agamemnon --- Trojan War
More proud of their accomplishments at war…read more next chapter. Trojan War -most famous victory; Homer (author of the Iliad and the Odyssey) called the warriors "the strongest generation of earthborn mortals".

10. What was the Dark Age?
1200 B.C. – earthquakes and fighting among the kingdoms destroyed hilltop forts
1100 B.C. – Mycenaean civilization collapsed.
1100 – 750 B.C. were difficult for Greeks
Trade slowed and poverty took hold
Before long, Greeks had forgotten their written language and how to make many things. This is why it is called the Dark Age. Positive s left mainland and settled on islands in the Aegean Sea. Others moved to western shores of Asia Minor (Turkey). Which expanded the reach of Greek culture. Greek speaking people known as Dorians (lived in northern mts) moved south --- mainly in Peloponnesus. Brought iron weapons giving Greece a more advanced technology because they were stronger than bronze. People started farming again and producing surplus. Trade revived. Greek alphabet (picked up from the Phoenicians) had 24 letters that stood fro different sounds. Made reading and writing simpler. Writing down tales now.

11. What was the Dark Age? (Continued)
Stopped teaching how to write and craftwork
Positive – population shift
Dorians
Peloponnesus
Increase in trade brought new way of writing
Greek alphabet

12. English words that came from Greek: geometry, physics, astronomy, star, galaxy, atom, music, melody, chorus, drama, comedy, poet, character, history, metropolis, athlete, and stadium

13. A Move to Colonize Couldn’t grow enough food to feed everyone
Colonies traded grains, metals, fish, timber, and enslaved people with the mainland in exchange for pottery, wine, and olive oil
600 B.C. – mint coins
No more barter

15. The Polis City-states known as polis Hill Acropolis Agora
Varied in size and population
Athens – nearly 300,000 people (500 B.C.)
Hill - main gathering place; acropolis - fortified area which stood on the top of the hill (It provided a safe refuge in case of attacks. Sometimes served as a religious center. Temples and altars were built there to honor the many Greek gods and goddesses.); Agora - open area below the acropolis (2 functions: both a market and a place where people could meet and debate issues);

16. Athens

17. What was Greek Citizenship?
They ran the city-state.
1st to develop this idea.
Only free native-born men who owned land
Women and children might qualify but were limited in their rights.
Rights: vote, hold office, own property, and defend themselves in court
Idea of citizenship developed in the Greek city-states. US citizenship th amendment; Citizens in Ancient Greek -- city-state was made up of their lands and it was their responsibility to run it. They did not think anyone else was a citizen. Some would drop the land owning part. Slaves and foreign born residents continued to be excluded. Rights of Greek citizens: gather in agora to choose their officials and pass laws; in return they had a duty to serve in gov't and fight for their polis as citizen soldiers. (((compares to US how?)))

18. Citizens as Soldiers Hoplites Foot and armed: Rows
Took pride in their fighting for their city-state
Foot and armed:
Round shield (help to create a protective wall)
Short sword
9 foot spear
Rows

19. Review What made the Minoans wealthy?
How was a Greek city-state different form a city?
What changes occurred in Greece during the Dark Age?
Name 3 rights granted to Greek citizens that Americans have today.
Why did the use of money help trade grow?
1. trading pottery and stone vases; 2. city-states were tiny independent countries, while cities are part of a country; 3. trade slowed, poverty took hold, people stopped farming and teaching writing/craftwork, and many Greeks moved elsewhere; 4. voting, holding office, owning property, defending themselves in court; 5. money is small and easier to trade then bartered goods

20. Minoans
Mycenaeans

21. Earned wealth from trade
Minoans
Mycenaeans
Lived on Greek
mainland
First Greek
kings
Built fortified
palaces on
hills
Borrowed ideas
from Minoans
Lived on
Crete
Built first
civilization
in Greece
Worked in
bronze
Earned wealth from trade

22. Sparta and Athens

24. Tyranny in the City-States
Nobles seized power from kings
Tyrants – take power by force and rules with total authority
Building new marketplaces, temples, and walls
Oligarchy – Sparta
Democracy - Athens
Most didn't want a tyranny because only one person was in control. That's not how Greece wanted things to be. Oligarchy - a few people hold power; Democracy - all citizens share in running the gov't. Sparta and Athens' gov'ts became two of the most powerful gov'ts of early Greece.

25. Sparta

26. Sparta Founded by Dorians
Instead of setting colonies, they conquered and enslaved their neighbors.
Helots
Helots were Sparta's captive workers. The name comes from the Greek word for capture.

27. Why was the Military So Important?
Fear of being taken over led to firm control and training for war
7 years old live in barracks
20 years – enter regular army
30 years – returned home
Girls were trained in
sports.
Women were freer
7 yrs boy left home to live in barracks where they were treated harshly to make them tough. Plutarch, Greek historian, was quoted as saying, "After they were 12 yrs. Old, they were no longer allowed to wear any undergarments; they had one coat to serve them a year; ... They lodged together in little bands upon beds made of reeds [grasses]...which they were to break off with their hands without a knife." At 20 - men remained in military barracks for 10 more yrs. They ate all their meals in dining halls with other soldiers. Typical meal was a vile tasting dish called black broth --- pork boiled in animal blood, salt, and vinegar. Returned home at 30 but stayed in army till 60. Continued to train for combat. They expected to either win on battlefield or die, never to surrender. One Spartan mother ordered her son to "Come home carrying your shield or being carried on it." Girls trained in sports (running, wrestling, throwing the javelin). Kept fit to become healthy mothers. Wives lived at home while their husbands lived in barracks. Freer than other Greek women. They owned property and could go anywhere they wanted. Spartan soldiers took great pains to prepare for battle. Weapons and armor had to be well maintained , and years of training honed them into powerful warriors. Before battle, they carefully dressed their hair before engaging the enemy. Older men watched Spartan boys closely and often provoked quarrels among them. They used the fights to determine each boy’s spirit and firmness in battle.

28. Sparta’s Government Oligarchy 2 kings headed a council of elders
All men over 30
Ephors
Discouraged foreign visitors
Council of elders included 28 citizens over age 60 and would present the laws to an assembly. All men over 30 belonged to the assembly and voted on the council’s laws. They chose 5 people to be ephors each year. Ephors enforced the laws and managed tax collection. They didn’t want anyone to question the Spartan system so they discouraged foreign visitors and banned travel abroad for any reason but military ones. They didn’t want citizens to study literature or the arts. This succeeded for over 250 years (control over helots). However, they fell behind other Greeks in trade because of their focus on military training. They knew less about science and other subjects. Is this why America makes it a law that everyone is entitled to an education? Soldiers were strong and swift. Spartans played a key role in defending Greece.

29. Athens
Unlike Spartans, Athenians were more interested in building a democracy than building a military force. When visiting a new city, does everything feel strange to you? Spartans who visited Athens probably felt the same way. Athens lay northeast of Sparta (2 day trip at least). The 2 city-states were also miles apart in their values and systems of gov’t.

30. Life in Athens School Citizen at 18 Girls
Boys were taught to read, write, and do arithmetic by one teacher and sports by another. 3rd teacher taught them to sing and play a stringed instrument called the lyre. Taught them to be well rounded with good minds and bodies. Finished school at 18 and became a citizen. Girls – stayed home; mothers taught them spinning, weaving, and other household duties. Only in some wealthy families were girls taught to read, write, and play the lyre. When married they stayed home to do the same for their daughters.

31. Building Democracy Early Athens – landowning nobles – oligarchy Solon
Peisistratus
Cleisthenes
Early Athens – assembly of all citizens existed but they had few powers B.C. – Athenians began rebelling against the nobles. Most farmers owed money to the nobles and sold themselves into slavery to pay debts B.C. – Solon was a noble that both sides trusted. He canceled all farmers’ debt and freed those who became slaves. He allowed all male citizens to participate in the assembly and law courts. A council of 400 wealthy citizens wrote the laws but the assembly had to pass them. He refused when pressed to give away the nobles’ land. After him, there were 30 yrs of turmoil. Peisistratus (tyrant) seized power in 560 B.C. – won support from the poor by dividing large estates among landless farmers and loaning money to poor people and gave them jobs building temples and other public works. Cleisthenes – most impt leader after P’s death; power in 508 and reorganized assembly to play the central role in governing.

32. Cleisthenes All male citizens New powers Council of 500
Proposed laws
Dealt with foreign countries
Oversaw treasury
Members were chosen by lottery every year.
Non-citizens were excluded.
Credited with making Athens a democracy
All male citizens could belong to the assembly and vote on laws. Members – new powers – could debate matters openly, hear court cases, and appoint army generals. Council of 500 was created to help assembly to carry out daily business. Lottery – thought it was fairer than an election which might favor the rich. His reforms didn’t bring all Athenians into the political process. Non-citizens were all women, foreign-born men, and slaves.

33. Riddle
Men in Athens liked to go to fancy dinner parties where they told riddles.
“When you look at me, I look at you. When you speak, I open my mouth and move my lips, but you cannot hear me and I cannot see you. What am I?”
A Mirror

34. In Ancient Greece, only men could participate in and view the Olympic games. Athletes competed by themselves, not as a part of a team. Contests included running, jumping, wrestling, and boxing. Each winning athlete won a crown of olive leaves and brought glory to his city. TODAY – both men and women compete. The athletes come from all over the world and compete either individually or in teams. Strive to get gold, silver or bronze. Ancient Greek winners received a crown of olive leaves and glory for their cities. Greeks dedicated the Olympic games to Zeus. Married women couldn’t participate but could enter their horses and chariots. However, women organized an athletic festival to honor Zeus’ wife, Hera. The festival, known as the Heraia, pitted unmarried women against each other in a series of footraces by age groups.

36. Review Who were the helots?
Why did tyrants fall out favor with the Greeks?
Why did Athenians choose officials by lottery? Would there be drawbacks to this method?
How did the Greek nobles gain power?
Captive workers in Sparta
Because most Greeks longed for rule by law with all citizens participating in gov’t
They thought elections might favor the rich. Drawbacks:???the most qualified people might not be picked.
They seized power from kings during the Dark Age.

37. Review Why was Solon popular among farmers and unpopular among others?
How did Athenian democracy keep one person from gaining too much power?
He canceled farmers’ debts and freed those who had become enslaved, but he refused to give away wealthy nobles’ land.
A large council chosen by lottery kept power distributed among the people.

38. Persia Attacks the Greeks

39. Both Sparta and Athens played roles in defeating the Persians.
The Persian Wars
As the Greeks set up colonies in the Mediterranean area, they often clashed with the Persians. By mid-500s, Persia controlled the Greek cities inside Asia Minor – Athenian army helped the Greeks in Asia Minor rebel --- it failed but King Darius decided the mainland Greeks had to be stopped from interfering in the Persian Empire. Have you and a rival ever set aside your differences to work for a common cause? This is an example.
Both Sparta and Athens played roles in defeating the Persians.

40. Persian Wars map from textbook

41. The Battle of Marathon 490 B.C. – Persians landed on Marathon
20,000 soldiers – 10,000 Athenian soldiers
Athenian victory
Persians were baiting the Athenians but they didn’t take it because of the # of their army. Athenians held back in the hills overlooking the plain where the Persians landed. Persians commander decided to sail south and attack Athens directly. Big mistake ordering troops back onto the ships. He boarded the strongest part of the Persian army 1st ( horsemen in the Calvary). Greeks charged as soon as cavalry was on board. Caught Persian foot soldiers standing in the water, waiting to board. Easily defeated. According to legend, Athenians sent a messenger named Pheidippiedes home with the news. The runner raced nearly 25 miles from Marathon to Athens. He collapsed from exhaustion and with his last breath announced “Victory.” Then he died. Modern marathon races are named for this famous run and are just over 26 miles long.

42. Statute of Pheidippiedes along Marathon Road

43. Herodotus traveled to Persian to collect stories about the wars
Herodotus traveled to Persian to collect stories about the wars. He read parts of his manuscript to eager crowds in Athens before it was “published”, or copied onto papyrus scrolls by scribes. This speech stirred up pride in Athens, which was at the height of its power when he compiled his work.

44. Another Persian Strike
Darius’ son, Xerxes
480 B.C. – revenge
Greece unites
Xerxes took over as king of Persia in 486 B.C. after the death of his father, Darius. He vowed revenge against Athens. New invasion on Greece with 180,000 troops and 1000s of warships and supply vessels. Greeks join forces to defend themselves. Sparta sent the most soldiers and their king, Leonidas, served as commander. Athens provided the navy and General Themistocles devised a plan. Best strategy would be to attack Persians’ ships and cut off food supplies to the army. Persian army marched S and depended on the shipments.

45. Thermopylae Narrow pass through the mts that was easy to defend
7,000 Greek soldiers held them off for 2 days
Traitor
Persian victory
Thermopylae seemed like the best place to stall the Persian army before they reached Athens. (one story went: The Greeks heard that Persian arrows would darken the sky. A Spartan warrior responded, “That is good news. We will fight in the shade!” Traitor directed the Persians to a mt path that led around the Greeks. King Leonidas sent most troops to safety when a rear attack occurred. He and several 100 others stayed and fought to death. This allowed Athens enough time to assembly 200 ships.

46. Salamis Strait Greek ships - smaller, faster, and easier to steer
Greeks destroyed almost the entire Persian fleet
A strait is a narrow strip of water between 2 pieces of land. Greeks expected to have the upper hand b/c of their ships. Persian ships were bigger. Greeks won but Persian army marched on to Athens. Greeks already fled but Persians burned the city. This only stiffened the resolve of the Greeks.

47. Plataea Greeks crushed the Persian army here. Turning point
Saved Greece from invasion
In early 479 B.C., the Greek city-states came together to form the largest Greek army ever assembled. With solid body armor, longer spears, and better training, they defeated the Persians NW of Athens. Turning point - convincing the Persians to retreat to Asia Minor. By working together, they saved their homeland from invasion.

48. Ancient Greek warships --- triremes
Triremes had 3 levels of oarsmen on each side. Shipbuilders armed the boat with a bronze-and-wood ram that weighed 100s of pounds. They could sink other ships by hitting them with their rams.

49. Scythians Grassland north of the Black Sea Hit-and-run tactics
The Persians used many different peoples to bolster their army. Scythians used the hit and run tactics to keep the Persians from seizing their homeland. Darius so admired their skills with bows and arrows and their lightning strikes on horseback that he hired them to help invade Greece. Later kings used Scythian teachers to train Persian archers.

50. Fall of Persian Empire Greek defeat weakened it. Internal problems
Remained intact for 150 more yrs
Alexander the Great – 334 B.C.
Raised taxes, spent more gold and silver on luxuries for the royal court.
High taxes angered their subjects and caused rebellions. Persian kings were killed by other family members wanting to take the throne. 6 of 9 rulers after Darius were murdered.

51. Review Why was Cyrus considered a fair ruler?
The Persians wanted revenge against the Greeks. Describe an event in your own life or on the news where revenge was involved. What was the outcome?
#1. He treated new subjects well.

52. Battle
Action
Marathon
Thermopylae
Salamis
Plataea

53. Battle Action Marathon Thermopylae Salamis Plataea
Greeks overwhelmed Persians.
Greeks were betrayed.
Persians won.
Greek ships defeated Persians in the strait.
Greeks crushed Persians.

54. The Age of Pericles

55. Athenian Empire
Under Pericles, Athens became very powerful and more democratic.
Delian League
Defend members from Persians
Drive Persia out of Greek territories (Asia Minor)
Freed almost all of Greek cities under Persia’s control
Delos
Athens joins this league with other city-states but NOT Sparta. Delos (island) was the headquarters for this league. Chief officials (treasurers and commanders of the fleets) were from Athens. Most of the troops were from Athens also. Athens gained control over the other city-states of the league. League was no longer a partnership to fight Persia but an Athenian empire – treasury moved from Delos to Athens. Eventually, they would send troops to other city-states to help the common people rebel against the nobles in power.

56. Democracy in Athens Direct democracy Representative democracy
Athenian Assembly – passed all laws, elected officials, and made decisions on war and foreign affairs
10 officials (generals) carried out the assembly’s laws and policies.
Representative democracy
Direct – people gather at mass meetings to decide on gov’t matters. Every citizen can vote firsthand on laws and politics. (Couldn’t happen in present day USA). Ancient Athens was relatively small which made it work. Mid-400s population – about 43,000 male citizens over 18yrs. Fewer than 6,000 attended the mtgs which were held every 10 days.
Representative – citizens choose a smaller group to make laws and governmental decisions on their behalf. Much more practical system when the population is large.

57. Ancient Athenian Agora

59. The Achievements of Pericles
Helped Athens dominate the Delian League
Made Athens more democratic
Allowed lower-class male citizens to run for office
Paid officeholders
Culture blossomed
Period of tremendous creativity and learning
Rebuilt Athens after Persian Wars
Supported artists, architects, writers, and philosophers
General and leading figure in Athens; Guided Athens (461 – 429 B.C.)
Delian League – He treated other city-states like subjects, demanding strict loyalty and steady payments from them. Insisted that they use Athenian coins and measures. He believed people’s talents were more impt than social standing. He included more Athenians in gov’t than ever before. 1st time that even poor people could be part of the inner circle running the gov’t. Philosophers are thinkers who ponder questions about life.

60. Daily Life in Athens Population Slavery 285,000 residents in all
150,000 were citizens
43,000 of the 150,000 were men with political rights
~35,000 were foreigners
~100,000 enslaved people
Slavery
Slavery was common in the ancient world. At least one enslaved person in most homes and wealthy often had many. Worked as household servants: cooks, maids, or tutors. Others worked in fields, industry, artisans’ shops. Without their labor, Athens could not have supported its bustling economy.

61. Athenian Economy Farming Imported grain
Raised sheep and goats for wool, milk, and cheese
Grew grains, veggies, fruit (local use)
Grew grapes, and olives to make wine and olive oil to sell abroad
Imported grain
Trading center of the Greek empire (400s B.C.)
Merchants

62. The warm Mediterranean climate allowed Greeks to spend a lot of time in the courtyard. Compared to homes today, Greek homes had little furniture, except in the dining room where men held dinner parties. Typical meals might include bread dipped in wine, goat cheese, fruit, olives, and perhaps fish.

63. Roles of Men and Women Men Women Worked in morning
Exercised or attended mtgs of assembly
Evenings: enjoyed all male gatherings
Life revolved around home and family
Married at 14/15yrs
Expected to have children and take care of household duties
Poor women
Upper-class: stayed home and supervised household chores
Rarely went out (except to funerals or festivals)
Could not attend school
All male gatherings – they drank, dined, and discussed politics and philosophy
Women: poor women worked with their husbands in fields or sold goods in the agora. Respectable upper-class women stayed home and supervised household servants and worked wool into cloth (spinning, dyeing, and weaving); Rarely went out except to funerals or festivals and even then only if a male relative went with them.
Couldn’t attend school but some learned to read and play music. Even educated women were not considered the equals of men. They had no political rights and could not own property. Fathers took charge of unmarried daughters; husbands – wives; sons or other male relatives looked after widows.

64. Women Compare to present day as well as early American women
An Athenian woman’s childhood ended when she married. The day before the wedding, she took her toys to the Temple of Artemis (goddess of the hunt, protector of women in childbirth). After the wedding, the husband would carry her over the threshold.

66. Aspasia Moved more freely in society Not a native Athenian (gave
her special status)
Well-educated
Taught public speaking to many Athenians
Her writings did not survive
Plato
Pericles often consulted her
Became influential in politics even though she could not vote
Plato (famous Greek philosopher) said her work helped shape his ideas.

67. The Peloponnesian War

68. Difference in the Greek city-states
Athenian empire – grew richer and powerful
Suspicious – other city-states joined with Sparta against Athens.
Sparta and Athens – built 2 different kinds of societies (neither understood or trusted the other)
War broke out in 431 B.C.

70. Pericles’ Funeral Oration
1st winter of war – public funeral
Pericles’
speech
Public funeral was held to honor those who had died in battle. As was the custom, a leading Athenian addressed the crowd. Pericles – talked about the greatness of Athens, reminded people that they made their gov’t strong, pointed out that Athenians were part of a community. As citizens they agreed to obey the rules in their constitution. They accepted certain duties, such as paying taxes and defending the city. They also gained certain rights – ability to vote and run for office. His speech reminded them of the power of democracy and gave them courage to keep fighting. Its ideas are still impt for people living in democratic nations today.

72. Athens’ Defeat Both – confident Spartan’s ability in open battles
2nd year – deadly disease
Pericles dies.
Standoff continues for 25 years
Spartan deal with Persians
Spartan navy defeats Athens
Athens surrenders.
Spartans and allies surrounded Athens hoping that the Athenians would send out an army to fight. Pericles knew that Spartan forces could beat Athenians in open battles. He urged farmers and others on outskirts to move inside city walls (thinking that they would protect them). Athenian Navy delivered supplies and allies. Sparta didn’t have a Navy – therefore, it couldn’t attack the ships. 2nd year – a deadly disease spread through the overcrowded city killing more than 1/3rd of the people including Pericles. Athenians continue to fight and standoff continues for another 25 years. Spartans, desperate to win, made a deal with the Persian Empire. In exchange for enough money to build a navy, Sparta would give them some Greek territory in Asia Minor. Next year after navy is defeated by Sparta’s navy and losing more battles on land, Athens surrendered.

73. Results: Weakened all major Greek city-states Many died in fighting
Farms were destroyed.
1000s left jobless
Impossible for unity
in Greece

74. Aftermath Sparta tried ruling all of Greece for 30 yrs.
City-states rebelled
Sparta fought Persia
Failing to notice that Macedonia (to the North) was growing in power and cost them their freedom

75. Review What caused the Peloponnesian War?
According to Pericles, what duties did the Athenian citizens have?
What caused the lack of trust between Sparta and Athens?
How did the direct democracy of Athens differ from the democracy we have in the United States?
Expansion of Athenian power, Spartan jealousy
Obey rules, pay taxes, defend the city
Lack of understanding of their differing societies, perceived Athenian aggression

76. Government
Economy
Culture
Wars

77. major rebuilding program
democracy
Government
Farming and trade
Economy
Great creativity,
major rebuilding program
Culture
Peloponnesian War, Athens defeated
Wars