1. MIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING AND GEOMATICS
SVG101 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF GEOMATICS
Lecture Notes

2. MODULE OUTLINE INTRODUCTION SPATIAL DATA CAPTURE
DATA STORAGE AND PROCESSING
DATA STRUCTURING AND QUALITY CONTROL
DATA OUTPUT
DATA DELIVERY
FUTURE OF GEOMATICS
EXCURSION TO SURVEYING AND MAPPING ORGANISATION

3. CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

4. 1.1 DEFINITIONS What is Geomatics? Derived from two words: Geo- Matics
Geo- earth
Matics – mathematical
There are many definitions of Geomatics:

5. Cont’d
It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people, but it is generally accepted as the science and technology of acquiring and managing information about our world and its environment. The name geomatics emerged several years ago in Canada. The term represents the rapidly changing and expanding world of land information management

6. Cont’d Definitions of Geomatics on the Web:
The science and technology of gathering, analyzing, interpreting, distributing and using geographical information.
Geomatics is the discipline of gathering, storing, processing, and delivering of geographic information, or spatially referenced information. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomatics

7. Cont’d
The mathematics of the earth; the science of the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, especially instrumental data, relating to the earth's surface. (Oxford English Dictionary) Geomatics Engineering is a modern discipline, which integrates acquisition, modelling, analysis, and management of spatially referenced data, i.e. data identified according to their locations. Based on the scientific framework of geodesy, it uses terrestrial, marine, airborne, and satellite-based sensors to acquire spatial and other data. It includes the process of transforming spatially referenced data from different sources into common information systems with well-defined accuracy characteristics.

8. Cont’d
Geomatics is the science and technology of gathering, analyzing, interpreting, distributing and using geographic information. Geomatics encompasses a broad range of disciplines that can be brought together to create a detailed but understandable picture of the physical world and our place in it.

9. Cont’d
Geomatics is both an applied science and a professional discipline and it refers to the integrated approach of measurement, analysis, management and display of spatial data. (UCT)
Geomatics is the science and technology of land surveying, mapping and spatial data handling (usually geographical data about the earth). (UNC)

10. Cont’d
Geomatics is a scientific discipline which deals with the measurement, storage, manipulation, analysis and presentation of geo-spatial data.

11. 1.2 Overview of Geomatics Geomatics process involves the following:
DATA PROCESSING
DATA CAPTURE
DATA CAPTURE
DATA OUTPUT
VERIFICATION

12. 1.3 DISCPLINES IN GEOMATICS
Geomatics encompasses a broad range of disciplines that can be brought together to create a detailed but understandable picture of the physical world and our place in it. These disciplines include:
Surveying
Photogrammetry
Remote Sensing
Geodesy
Cartography
geographic information systems (GIS)
global positioning system (GPS)

13. 1.4 Application areas in Geomatics
the environment
land management and reform
development planning
infrastructure management
natural resource monitoring
sustainable development
coastal zone management and mapping

14. 1.5 CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN GEOMATICS
Land Surveyors
Mine Surveyors
Engineering Surveyors
Geodesists
Photogrammetrists
GIS specialists
Remote Sensing specialists
Cartographers
Planners
Environmentalist
Software Engineers

15. GEOMATICS PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTES
INTERNATIONAL
FIG: International Federation of Surveyors
ISPRS: International Association of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
GSDI: Global Spatial Data Infrastructure
PLATO (SA)
GISSA (SA)
RICS (UK)
ICA: International Cartographers Association
NATIONAL
SIZ: Survey Institute of Zimbabwe
CLSZ: Council of Land Surveyors Zimbabwe
ZIE: Zimbabwe Institute of Engineers
REIZ: Real Estate Institute of Zimbabwe

16. Assignment 1
Describe in detail how Geomatics can be applied in the following areas giving examples:
Medicine
Agriculture
Archeology
Accommodation
Land Reform
Mining
Olympics Games
Music Industry
Natural Resource Management
Wild Life Management

17. CHAPTER 2
SPATIAL DATA CAPTURE

18. DATA STRUCTURING AND QUALITY CONTOL
GEOMATICS OVERVIEW
DATA
DATA SOURCES
DATA DELIVERY
DATA STRUCTURING AND QUALITY CONTOL
DATA CAPTURE
DATA STORAGE
DATA OUTPUT
(CARTOGRAPHY)
ANALOGUE MAPS

19. 2.1 DATA SOURCES There are basically 3 sources of data: Primary
Data from scratch
DIY
Secondary
Existing data
Readily available
Buy from other organizations
From within the organization
Administration records
Subset of secondary
Bi-product data from within or other organizations

20. Factors to consider
As you go down from I to II time and cost of doing a survey increase
As you move from III going up applicability and suitability decrease
Field work is very slow and expensive but accuracy is very high

21. 2.2 DATA FORMAT Digital form
Most valuable form since this can be used in many forms
Hard copy
Maps
Documents
Before going out to collect data, always look in-house for data collected by organization or by-product for normal operations for other project to minister cost and time

22. 2.3 MAJOR DATA SOURCES Maps Drawings usually engineering drawings
Aerial Photographs
Satellite Imagery
Paper records and documents
DATABASES
Government Department
Commercial sector
Field work
Can be found in digital or hard copy format

23. 2.4 Administrative Data Sources
Roads – Department of Roads Place names – DA, Public services Vegetation – Forest Commission, DNR Dams/Rivers – ZINWA Historical Places – Museums and Monuments Land Class/Bore holes – AREX Railway lines – NRZ Aerodromes – Department of aviation Hospitals – MHCW Utilities – PTC, ZESA National Parks – Department of National Parks Schools – Ministry of Education Restricted areas – Ministry of Defence Mines – Ministry of Mines Demographic data – CSO Filling stations – Private sector

24. 2.5 DATA CAPTURE TECHNIQUES

25. 2.5.1 ADMINISTRATIVE DATA CAPTURE
RECLASSIFICATION
DIGITAL DATA
VERIFIED DATA
DIGITISING PROCESS
MANUSCRIPTS AND MAPS
DATA STORAGE
EDIT
LISTS
(you might not be allowed to publish something on your map so you edit)

26. 2.5.2 DIGITIZING AND SCANNING
This is the process of converting analogue data usually hardcopy maps into their digital format
Data capturing in any project cost about 80% of the total cost of the project.
In Zimbabwe (third world), we are in the processing of converting data into digital form
Hardcopy – maps, films, manuscripts, orthophotomaps
You can digitize using a table digitizer

27. TABLE DIGITIZER VECTOR SCAN RASTER CLEAN RASTER STORAGE HARD COPY
VECTORISE
VECTOR
SCAN
RASTER
CLEAN RASTER
STORAGE
HARD
COPY
TABLE
DIGITIZER
VECTOR
LISTS
PUNCHING

28. SCANNING VECTOR SCAN RASTER CLEAN RASTER STORAGE HARD COPY TABLE
VECTORISE
VECTOR
SCAN
RASTER
CLEAN RASTER
STORAGE
HARD
COPY
TABLE
DIGITIZER
VECTOR
PUNCHING

29. VECTOR VS RASTER The scanner captures everything on the map
Need to clean the raster map
Under vectorizing we have
Automatic
Semi automatic
manual

30. 2.5.3 FIELD WORK
This involves making direct measurements from scratch in the field and there are so many techniques which can be employed:
Astronomy
Geodesy
Plane surveying
GPS
Photogrammetry
Remote Sensing

31. Cont’d
Astronomy Basically is the use of stars to determine your position on the earth. It’s a very old system but where surveying originated. Geodesy This is a specialized discipline which is devoted to the size and shape of the earth GPS Global Positioning System – this uses satellites to determine your position on the earth

32. Cont’d
Photogrammetry Basically it is the use of aerial photographs to measure features on the earth’s surface Plane Surveys CAD drawings Tacheometry Engineering surveys Control – Resection, Levelling, Traversing etc You can use hard copy maps in your field check You can use any technique or a combination

33. MEASUREMENT OR PROCESSED
Field work
PLOT HARDCOPY
HARDCOPY
DATA
PROCESSING
FIELD WORK
EDITED
MEASUREMENT OR PROCESSED
DATA
STORAGE

34. FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE CHOICE OF A TECHNIQUE
Equipment availability – Buy, Hire, use that which Cost – what is the cost of using the equipment or even what we have, the cost of buying or hiring, some are very expensive e.g. Remote Sensing and GPS, the most Human Resources – (skills base), are you going to have someone to do the job, internal, external (consultants), Purpose – requirements (format), final product (what will it be be) Accuracy – on a map, resolution

35. Cont’d
Speed – plane surveys are the most accurate but its very slow - GPS is very fast, maybe one of the fastest but its accuracy is low Weather condition – to a smaller extend e.g Photogrammetry Accessibility – in other areas you cannot reach Curvature – Plane < 250 km2 - Geodetic > 250km2

36. DATA STORAGE AND PROCESSING
CHAPTER 3
DATA STORAGE AND PROCESSING

37. Characteristics of Spatial Data
Basically geographic features are recognized by two types of data:
Spatial data
Attribute data
Considered as geographic data and it describes or specifies location and answers the question [where] and the map is perhaps the most familiar form in which spatial data is represented

38. Cont’d
A map consists of a group of points, lines, and polygons/areas that are positioned with reference to a common reference coordinate system
This is represented in two dimensional so that it is easily portrayed on a flat sheet of paper
The map states the data and present the data to the user
Each feature has a location that must be in a unique way
Locations are recorded in form of a coordinate system like latitude and longitude, xyz or any state plane coordinate system

39. Cont’d
In some cases the coordinate of one system can be transformed mathematically into the coordinate of another system
Attribute data
This is called the descriptive data and it spacifies characteristics at the location and answers the question [what? Or how much?]
Attribute data is normally stored in tables.

40. DIGITAL TOPO CADASTRAL DATABASE
Aerial
Photographs
Satellite
Images
Digital Cad.
Maps
GPS/Field
Geodetic Data
Paper
Maps
Other Digital
Data
Digital Topo Cadastral Database
GIS Data (DTDB, DCDB)
Mosaic Images/Orthophotos/Image Maps
DTM/DEM, Digital Cartographic Database
Geodetic Database, Hardcopy Maps
Gvt. Departments
Private Sectort, NGOs
Large Scale Maps
Medium Scale Maps
Small Scale Maps
Tourist Maps

41. Data Storage Types of data stored Formats Spatial Integration
Retrieval and Storage
Data storage devices
Data storage modes
Security
Back up
Access Levels
Create new information

42. Data Bases Centralized DB Distributed DB Partitioned DB Replicated DB
Duplicated DB

43. DATA STRUCTURING AND QUALITY CONTROL
CHAPTER 4
DATA STRUCTURING AND QUALITY CONTROL

44. DATA STRUCTURING Data cleaning Building topology Superimpose layers
Add attributes
Format conversion
Media conversion
Georeferencing
Registration
Rectification
Conflation

45. Quality Control Systems for QC Reducing/Minimising errors
Reduction of costs
Ensuring conformality to:
Requirements
Standards
Gross errors

46. Data Structuring and Quality Control
Data Cleaning
Data
Storage
Cleaned
Layers
Overlayed
Layers
Quality
Control
Topographical Layers
Maps
Manuscripts
Adding Attributes

47. DATA STRUCTURING Cleaning Edge matching Data reduction Sampling
Conflation
Reclassify

48. DATA OUTPUT CARTOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 5
DATA OUTPUT
CARTOGRAPHY

49. DATA OUTPUT: CARTOGRAPHY
Cartographic compilation
Graphic design
Film plotting
Rasterizing map products
Plate making
Printing

50. CARTOGRAPHY MANUSCRIPTS Carto. Comp. Data Storage Graphic Design
Map Data
Film Making
Rasterizing
Raster Products
Films
Printed Maps
Plate Making
Plates
Printing

51. CHAPTER 6
DATA DELIVERY

52. DATA DELIVERY Data extraction Processing Quality control
Copy to required format
Layer selection
Selection on attributes
Clipping
Transformation
Format conversion

53. Data Delivery System Client Orders Extracted Data Processed Data
Corrected
Data
Copying to
Media
Stored
Data
Office Data
Delivery
Product
Information
Online
Data

54. Data Delivery Issues System keeps an audit of:
How much data copied
By whom
To whom
Users have different access privileges

55. CHAPTER 7
FUTURE OF GEOMATICS

56. Future of Geomatics Clients needs Clients are more affluent
Demanding more complicated products
Require effective and efficient delivery
Technical development
Hardware
Software
Off-the-shelf products
New ways/methods
Skills development
New skills
Skills base expanding

57. Cont’d New Disciplines Multi-discipline Education Training CPD
Different professional coming together to solve common problems
Teams/working groups
Synergies