1. Life in Two City-States:
Ch. 27
Life in Two City-States:
Athens and Sparta

2. 27.3 Athenian Government Democracy
Every citizen could participate in the city’s gov’t (Direct Democracy)
Council of 500
Chosen randomly from all citizens 30 yrs+
Day-to-day business
Everyday
Assembly
debated and voted on all laws
Approved laws
Included every citizen
Met every 10 days
6,000 citizens must be present

3. 27.4 Athenian Economy
Trade with foreign land & other city-states
Buy & sell in the agora
Coins to facilitate trade

4. Boys taught at home by mother until 6 or 7 School 6 – 14
27.5 Education in Athens
Boys taught at home by mother until 6 or 7
School 6 – 14
Reading, writing, arithmetic, literature, sports, music
Military training at 18
Private tutor for wealthy
Purpose – to make good citizens

5. 27.6 Women & slaves in Athens
Not citizens
Couldn’t choose husband
Couldn’t own property
Some priestesses
Managed household
Didn’t go out alone

6. 27.6 Women & slaves in Athens
Born slaves or captured in war
Variety of jobs, some highly skilled
Some in silver mines

7. 27.7 Spartan Government Oligarchy Real power in hands of a few
Council of Elders
2 kings & 28 others
Important decisions
60 years+, wealthy
Served for life
Assembly
Little power
Didn’t debate issues

8. 27.8 Spartan Economy
Limited trading
Farming
Slaves (helots) & noncitizens produced goods
Conquered other people
Iron bars used for money

9. 27.9 Education in Sparta Age 7 - Trained to fight
Boys taught to suffer pain without complaining
Age 20 - Fitness & military test
Must pass to be soldier & full citizen
Live with family at age 30
Purpose – to make good soldiers

10. 27.10 Women & Slaves in Sparta
Same simple life as men
Strong & ready to fight
Looked after husband’s property while gone
Could own and control property

11. 27.10 Women & Slaves in Sparta
Treated very harshly
Killed if thought to rebel
Could marry freely
Sell extra crops
Buy freedom

12. In this form of gov’t, power is in the hands of one person who inherited power.
Monarchy
Oligarchy
Tyranny
Democracy

13. In this form of gov’t, ruling power is shared by all citizens.
Monarchy
Oligarchy
Tyranny
Democracy

14. In this form of gov’t, a person seizes power illegally, usually by force.
Monarchy
Oligarchy
Tyranny
Democracy

15. In this form of gov’t, ruling power is in the hands of a few people.
Monarchy
Oligarchy
Tyranny
Democracy

16. When the oligarchs ruled, what happened to the rich?
They got richer
They demanded a democracy
They moved to Sparta
They gave all their money to the poor

17. Who makes the laws in a monarchy?
Citizens
Assembly
Tyrant
King

18. In this type of democracy, every citizen can vote on every issue
In this type of democracy, every citizen can vote on every issue. (Athens)
Direct democracy
Representative democracy

19. In the United States, citizens vote for representatives who decide issues on their behalf. This is called….
Direct democracy
Representative democracy

20. In Athens, the group of citizens who voted on the laws was called the…
VIPs
Assembly
Aristocrats
Senators

21. Who could speak and vote in the Assembly?
Spartan soldiers
Athenian slaves
Any man who lived in Greece
Free Athenian-born men

22. Boys received an intensive military training beginning at the age of 7.
Athens
Sparta

23. The purpose of education was to produce good citizens.
Athens
Sparta

24. Economy was based on trade.
Athens
Sparta

25. Economy was based on farming and conquest.
Athens
Sparta

26. Able to grow most of what they needed to survive
Able to grow most of what they needed to survive. Little contact with outside world. Distrustful of outsiders.
Athens
Sparta

27. Women had more rights than most Greek women
Women had more rights than most Greek women. Could own and control property.
Athens
Sparta

28. Most decisions in Sparta were made by a small group of men called the…
Assembly
Monarchy
Council of Elders
Helots

29. Put the Athens/Sparta Double Bubble in a pile at the front of your table
Write your homework in the binder reminder
Do it for Sparta!!!!! .

30. Texting? Spartans don’t text!!!!!
We fight!
Text:
Lol brb ttyl g2g omg asap
Rofl ftw 4 u idk y
Tmi 2 idc afk jk thx
Tgif ily skol skewl cul8r
XD kewl <3 =) nvm T.T
Nm ur ru >=( 2day fyi
=P btw ttfn ._.

31. Examples for Krater painting
249, 256, 257, 262, 264, 266, 270, 272, 299, 303, 313

32. ATHENS
Lost control of Attica and only gradually re-established itself as a unified state in the region
By 650 BC
Entered a period of internal turmoil around 630 BC
Two attempts by individuals to seize control of the city
Great deal of unrest by lower classes and hoplites against domination by oligarchy of wealthy landowning families
Oligarchy also divided between conservative and progressive factions

33. SOLON
Solon given job to reform city’s laws and restore internal peace and order
594 BC
Determined to stamp out lawlessness at all levels of society and convinced all Athenians that disobedience to the law would destroy the city
Best way to do this was to make the law more fair and eliminate unjust laws
Only way to get people to respect the law was to make it worthy of their respect

34. REFORMS OF SOLON
Abolished practice of enslaving a person for unpaid debts and freed all persons enslaved for that reason
Abolished all feudal obligations that commoners owed the aristocracy
Widened political participation
Broke monopoly aristocrats had over Council of Athens, elected positions, and Assembly of Athens
Allowed all citizens regardless of wealth to serve in Assembly
Opened up position of archon and seat in Council of Athens to wealthy hoplites
Created new 400 member body which acted as Supreme Court
Established right of any citizen to bring a case to court

35. REFORMS BACKFIRE A LITTLE
Solon’s reforms went long way towards opening up Athenian society and government to a greater number of people
But they did not immediately end the turmoil that plagued the city
Athens did prosper
Rapid population growth, geographic expansion, various public works projects
But Solon’s reforms increased infighting by multiplying the number of factions struggling for control
Even resulted in several dictatorships (tyrannies)

36. CLEISTHENES
Two factions struggled for control after death of the tyrant Hippias (508 BC)
One led by Isagoras and the other by Cleisthenes
Cleisthenes won
Because he had cultivated the support of the demos
Majority of Athenian population who were still excluded from politics because they owned little or no property
He had won their support because he promised to give them a legal political voice

37. REFORMS OF CLEISTHENES
Cleisthenes kept promise to demos
Population of city and region divided into ten tribes
Each included people from all walks of life
Each elected representatives to the Council, elected generals and public officials, and jurors to Supreme Court
Cleisthenes permanently broke power of old aristocracy and established the foundation for democracy

38. ARCHAIC GREECE
At beginning of period, most of the Aegean world was divided into independent principalities
Had simple social structures with nobility on top and everyone else below
By 500 BC, principalities had been transformed into city-states
Aristocracy reduced to just one faction of many
Aristocratic value system subsided in favor of a new one based on service to the community and the law

39. POETS
Old value system of aristocracy was based on fighting and an obsession with honor
But the new city-state, with its commercial and business activities, had little use for a bunch of jealous, warring aristocrats with their inflated sense of honor
Required instead justice, established by law according to rational and regular procedures
Poets at the forefront of attack on old aristocratic value system
Example: Archilocus
Argued old aristocratic and heroic values were out of touch with the times
Silly and counter to the need for law and order

40. CHANGES IN RELIGION
Gods reflected aristocratic values in Homer’s poems
Obsessed with fighting, killing, and performing heroic feats
During the Archaic Ages, gods became more interested in justice
Urged men to be content with their lot in life
To go against this was now considered hubris
Insolence against the gods
Religion modified during Archaic Age to reinforce new value system and discourage the old

41. SUMMARY Mutually-reinforcing cycle
Growth of business and trade undermined the aristocratic monopoly over society
Decline of aristocracy was accompanied by a parallel decline in their value system
Helped by propaganda attacks by poets and a gradual shift in religious emphasis
Decline of aristocratic value system was paralleled by the rise of a new value system based on law, order, and stability
Encouraged further business growth and prosperity
Sped up the decline of the aristocracy
Provided good environment for development of literature and beginning of philosophic and scientific speculation

42. PRIVATE SPHERE/PUBLIC SPHERE
No “diffusion of loyalty”
No chance for citizen to develop non-state loyalties
Only one state religion
No non-state cultural associations
All art was public and all cultural events were state affairs
Nothing in the Greek polis existed to distract the citizen from his loyalty to the state
Private sphere linked tightly to the state, focusing everyone’s absolute loyalty to that institution

43. POLITICAL ASSUMPTIONS
Taken for granted that all important questions regarding policy-making, legislation, and judiciary was the concern of all citizens
Professionals did not dominate government
Power was not dissipated among a multitude of specialized departments and institutions
Rested fully in the hands of the people

44. CITIZENSHIP All city-states restricted who could become a citizen
General tendency in Archaic Age was towards less restrictivness
Citizens only made up part of total population
Rest were foreigners, slaves, and freedmen

45. SLAVES AND FREEDMEN
Slaves played crucial role in economy of all city-states of ancient Greece
And in Sparta, they were the economy
Freedmen worked as craftsmen, small farmers, small retail merchants
But they worked for themselves, not for others
To work for someone else on a regular basis was the mark of a slave
Essential characteristic of a freedman was economic independence
No matter how low-level or demeaning the work they did

46. FREEDMEN Freedmen often very poor
Did not view themselves as oppressed working class
Complaints directed against the rich
Especially wealthy creditors
Slogans concerned lack of political participation or the elimination of debts
Saw themselves as independent businessmen
Wanted recognition of their status and relief from the costs of doing business
Never formed any kind of alliance with slaves to overcome their mutual exploitation
Because they say themselves as inherently better than slaves

47. GREEK FAMILY Archaic Greeks viewed family as immortal
Founded in mythical days and would continue forever
Male head of family therefore had to work to ensure this immortality
By expanding its economic base, performing religious rituals, worshipping ancestors, having children
Family without children was not considered a family at all
Family heads under great pressure to keep their families going by having children

48. MARRIAGE Marriage was a carefully considered, regulated step
Were prearranged
Couple became engaged as children after long negotiations between parents
It was understood that love would develop after marriage
Not before

49. GREEK WOMEN
Greeks attached immense importance to chastity of citizen women
It was of utmost importance that legitimacy of offspring not be questions on the grounds of a pre-marital or extra-marital affair
Took every precaution to segregate women from men
Even set aside a part of the house for exclusive use of women
Adultery considered a serious crime that threatened foundation of the state
Not just a private matter

50. CITIZEN AND SLAVE WOMEN
Women had no political role
Charged with running households and nothing else
Slave women and freedman women had more freedom
Since they were not considered important enough to worry about
No one cared if their families remained intact or not
Could pretty well do what they wanted in their private lives

51. FINAL POINT
Neither male nor female citizens enjoyed a high degree of freedom (in the modern sense of the term)
Greek ideas of freedom implied conformity to community standards of behavior
Community needs defined the roles of men and women and restricted the freedom of both
Male family heads had little choice over who and when he should marry, whether to have children, etc.
Law and custom demanded that he subordinate his own needs and desires to those of his family and the community at large
In exchange, men and women enjoyed a strong and stimulating community life
A trade off between liberty and security, with security receiving the most emphasis

52. SPARTA
Sparta focused on foreign conquest in response to population pressure
By 600 BC it had taken over the nearby city of Messenia
Doubling agricultural acreage and establishing firm economic base for future military power
War against Messenia also forced fundamental social, political, and economic reforms within Sparta
First written constitution in Greek history
Reflected unique form of society in which every aspect of a citizen’s life was governed by military necessity

53. SPARTAN TRAINING I Every new-born infant examined by committee
Abandoned to die if it showed any type of deformity
Enrolled in special troops at age six
Remained members until age 18
Girls still lived at home but boys lived away from parents
Put through increasingly brutal series of classes designed to make them used to suffering and hardship
Also designed to break down family relationships
Education focused on music, dancing, and athletics

54. SPARTAN TRAINING II Began formal military training at age 18
Took 2 years to complete
Applied for admission into a military club after successful completion of training
Membership was official indication that a boy had become a man
Application for admission had to be voted on by other members of club
Vote had to be unanimous
Not allowed to marry or have a family for 10 years
Still had to have meals with club until he was 60
Military clubs formed basic unit of military service

55. HELOTS
Spartan men given plots of land to support themselves after they joined a military club
Did not work land themselves
Work done by helots
Slaves owned by the Spartan state
Manufacturing also done by helots
Spartan men lived off the work of others so that they could devote their entire life to being a soldier

56. SPARTAN GOVERNMENT Two kings Led army and Sparta in general Hereditary
Gerousia
28 man council
All members over 60 years old
Drew up proposals for legislation
Assembly of the Spartans
All full male citizens
Voted on legislative proposals
Presided over by five elected officials called ephors
King Leonidas

57. Met periodically to discuss issues
Originally a protective alliance with included most of the city-states in the Peloponnese
Met periodically to discuss issues
Decisions made through majority vote but Sparta became accepted as most important member and was able to get majority support for its position on any issue
Sparta exercised power through the Peloponnesian League
SPARTA CONTROLLED THE PELOPONNESIAN LEAGUE

58. 7th Grade Social Studies
BRIDGES HOLLAND
7th Grade Social Studies
Chapter 10
GREEK CITY-STATES

59. 7th Grade Social Studies
BRIDGES HOLLAND
7th Grade Social Studies
Chapter 10
GREEK CITY-STATES

60. CHAPTER 10 THE CITY-STATES
SECTION 1—THE POLIS
SECTION 2—SPARTA
SECTION 3—ATHENS
SECTION 4—DECLINE OF CITY-STATES

61. TERMS TO LEARN POLIS ACROPOLIS AGORA ARISTOCRATS OLIGARCHY
CONSTITUTION
MERCENARIES

62. SECTION 1--THE POLIS Polis- center of Greek life (City-State)
Acropolis- fortified hill temple to gods
Agora- open marketplace area
Polis- gave sense of belonging, good of the polis was top priority
If Born outside Greece—No citizenship
Citizens could Vote, fight in Army, hold office, speak for themselves in court.
Greatest City-States -- (Athens, Sparta

63. SECTION 1-ACTIVITY
Draw a Web like this one, and use it to show 3 characteristics of most Greek City-States.

64. SECTION 2– SPARTA (800b.c.--371b.c.)
Sparta greatest military power in Greece
Aristocrats took over government (ARMY)
Ephors controlled public affairs of Sparta (yearly)
Helots (slaves) farmed
Aristocrats stay in army from 7-60 yrs. Old
Sparta’s only goal: Military Strength

65. PROS CONS SECTION 2--ACTIVITY
After reading Section 2—SPARTA, list 3 pros and 3 cons of living in Sparta.

66. SECTION 3--ATHENS
Athens was ruled by an Oligarchy-few people have ruling power
Solon set up first Athenian Constitution
Citizenship was offered to everyone
508b.c. first democratic government setup (favoring the people)
Became citizens at age 18
490b.c. the word “Nike” was first used (Greek goddess of victory upon defeat of the Persians.
Delian League was formed (city-states joined)
(like the United Nations)

67. EFFECTS OF THE DELAIN LEAGUE
SECTION 3--ACTIVITY
EFFECTS OF THE DELAIN LEAGUE
IN ATHENS
IN OTHER CITY-STATES
DRAW A DIAGRAM LIKE THIS, AND USE IT TO SHOW HOW THE DELIAN LEAGUE AFFECTED BOTH ATHENS AND OTHER CITY-STATES.

68. SECTION 4--DECLINE OF THE CITY-STATES
After Peloponnesian War, Greeks had lost sense of community, and only wanted to make money
Sparta ruled all of Greece now
Thebes overthrew Sparta
The rule of Thebes was worse than that of Sparta
City-States were weakened
Greece was finally conquered by Phillip II of Macedonia

69. SECTION 4--ACTIVITY Peloponnesian War
READ SECTION 4, THEN DRAW A FLOW CHART LIKE THIS ONE, AND USE IT TO TRACE THE DELCINE OF THE GREEK CITY-STATES AFTER THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR IN 430B.C.

70. REVIEW What did the citizens of a polis consider most important?
Why did Sparta remain a poor farming society?
What was Sparta’s main goal?
In what City-State did the first democratic style of govt. begin?
What was the purpose of the Delian League, and what does it compare to today?
Which City-State did not join the Delian League?
Who conquered Greece?

71. SPARTA & ATHENS SPARTA ATHENS
DRAW A VENN DIAGRAM LIKE THIS ONE, AND USE IT TO COMPARE SPARTA AND ATHENS AT THEIR HEIGHT OF POWER
SPARTA & ATHENS
SPARTA
ATHENS

72. Dog Eat Dog Polis = city-state Walking death trap Bunch ‘em Decoy
Deceive the enemy
Sacrifice (two fer)
Shield
Predict the enemy

73. Biopoem Greek name Title Relative of ____
Lover of ____ (things or people)
Who feels ____ (1-3 things)
Who needs ____ (1-3 things)
Who fears _____ (1-3 things)
Who gives _____ (1-3 things)
Who would like to see ___ (1-3 things)
Resident of _______
Roman name

74. Homework
Greek God Commercial Planning Sheet & Storyboard due Tuesday
Commercial filming Tuesday
Getty Villa E.C. due May 14