1. Ancient Greece The Birthplace of Democracy

2. Importance of Ancient Greek Civilizations Led to the development of Western Civilization in Europe and America Led to the development of Western Civilization in Europe and America Made outstanding contributions to mathematics, science, art, literature, philosophy, and government. Made outstanding contributions to mathematics, science, art, literature, philosophy, and government.

3. Geography of Greece Greece is a mountainous peninsula about the size of Louisiana. Greece is a mountainous peninsula about the size of Louisiana. – The mountains caused small, independent communities (city- states) to form. Greek islands around the mainland, especially in the Aegean Sea. Greek islands around the mainland, especially in the Aegean Sea. Since Greece has many good natural ports, many Greeks became seafarers sailing the Aegean, Black, and Mediterranean Seas. Since Greece has many good natural ports, many Greeks became seafarers sailing the Aegean, Black, and Mediterranean Seas.

4. The Minoan Civilization By 2800 BC, the Minoan civilization (after King Minos) developed on the island of Crete. By 2800 BC, the Minoan civilization (after King Minos) developed on the island of Crete. The capital was Knossos. The capital was Knossos. The Minoans grew wealthy from trade between Egypt and Greece. The Minoans grew wealthy from trade between Egypt and Greece. Around 1450 BC, the Minoan civilization was destroyed by tidal wave from the volcanic explosion of Thera, and by invasions of the Mycenians. Around 1450 BC, the Minoan civilization was destroyed by tidal wave from the volcanic explosion of Thera, and by invasions of the Mycenians.

5. The city-states of Greece: Reasons for city-states Cities were separated by mountains and bodies of water which kept them from uniting into one country. The Greek term for a city- state is a polis. Cities were separated by mountains and bodies of water which kept them from uniting into one country. The Greek term for a city- state is a polis. Instead of one ruler for all of the city-states together, the Greeks preferred having their own government in their own community. Instead of one ruler for all of the city-states together, the Greeks preferred having their own government in their own community. The main gathering place in Greek city-states was a fortified hill top called an acropolis. Below was the agora, an open area for people to assemble and for a market place. The main gathering place in Greek city-states was a fortified hill top called an acropolis. Below was the agora, an open area for people to assemble and for a market place.

6. The First Greek City-State: Mycanae The Mycanean civilization thrived from 1600 -1100 BC. The Mycanean civilization thrived from 1600 -1100 BC. The Mycaneans were a confederation, a powerful alliance of several monarchies, each with city walls and a tholos, bee-hive shaped tombs for the ruling family. The Mycaneans were a confederation, a powerful alliance of several monarchies, each with city walls and a tholos, bee-hive shaped tombs for the ruling family.

7. The First Greek City-State: Mycanae (continued) The Mycaneans were a warrior culture. The epics by Homer, The Illiad and The Odyssey, tell of Mycaenae’s war with Troy. The Mycaneans were a warrior culture. The epics by Homer, The Illiad and The Odyssey, tell of Mycaenae’s war with Troy. After the fall of Mycanae was Greek’s Dark Age with no great cities rising up for another 100 years. After the fall of Mycanae was Greek’s Dark Age with no great cities rising up for another 100 years.

8. Dark Age: 1100 to 750 BC Collapse of Mycenean Civilization led to a drop in food production and population Collapse of Mycenean Civilization led to a drop in food production and population There are few records from this time. Since historians do not know much about it, it’s known as the “Dark Age” There are few records from this time. Since historians do not know much about it, it’s known as the “Dark Age” Iron replaced bronze Iron replaced bronze Adopted the Phoenecian alphabet Adopted the Phoenecian alphabet Many Greeks left the mainland and went abroad Many Greeks left the mainland and went abroad

9. The city-state of Sparta Warrior culture Warrior culture Spartan soldiers were called hoplites Spartan soldiers were called hoplites Soldiers fought in a military formation called the phalanx Soldiers fought in a military formation called the phalanx

10. The city-state of Sparta 25,000 Spartan citizens had defend themselves against a revolt by 500,000 “helots.” Helots were people who had been taken prisoner during war and forced into slavery. Helots were people who had been taken prisoner during war and forced into slavery. Helots farmed the soil and were forced to give part of their crops to their master. This angered the slaves and led to occasional rebellions. Helots farmed the soil and were forced to give part of their crops to their master. This angered the slaves and led to occasional rebellions. Once a year, Spartans declared war on the helots, thereby giving them an excuse to kill suspected troublemakers. Once a year, Spartans declared war on the helots, thereby giving them an excuse to kill suspected troublemakers.

11. The city-state of Sparta (continued) Boys were trained for the army beginning at age 7. Boys were trained for the army beginning at age 7. Instead of learning to read and write, time was spent jumping, running, wrestling, and using a weapon. Instead of learning to read and write, time was spent jumping, running, wrestling, and using a weapon. Men between 20 and 30 became cadets who policed the country and kept the helots under control. Men between 20 and 30 became cadets who policed the country and kept the helots under control. At age 30, a man was given the rights of a citizen, including the right to hold office, attend meetings, and get married. At age 30, a man was given the rights of a citizen, including the right to hold office, attend meetings, and get married. Military careers ended at age 60, whereupon a Spartan took a public service job or helped train the young. Military careers ended at age 60, whereupon a Spartan took a public service job or helped train the young. 0 7 30 60 75

12. Spartan Women The women of Sparta lived a much freer life than women elsewhere. The women of Sparta lived a much freer life than women elsewhere. Along with boys, Spartan women went away to school at age 7 to learn survival skills, wrestling, and gymnastics Along with boys, Spartan women went away to school at age 7 to learn survival skills, wrestling, and gymnastics Returned home at 18 to marry and raise a family Returned home at 18 to marry and raise a family Women were also allowed to own businesses and property – they owned more than 1/3 of Spartan property Women were also allowed to own businesses and property – they owned more than 1/3 of Spartan property

13. Spartan Government Government was an oligarchy, a government ruled by a small group of people Government was an oligarchy, a government ruled by a small group of people Ruled by 2 kings Ruled by 2 kings 5 ephors overlooked education and the conduct of citizens 5 ephors overlooked education and the conduct of citizens

14. The city-state of Athens Athens was a democracy in which people took part in the government. Athens was a democracy in which people took part in the government. Cleisthenes – created a council of 500 to supervise foreign affairs, oversee the treasury, and propose laws Cleisthenes – created a council of 500 to supervise foreign affairs, oversee the treasury, and propose laws This council was the foundation of Athenian democracy This council was the foundation of Athenian democracy

15. Athenian Government The Assembly, which made the laws, included all adult male citizens. The Assembly, which made the laws, included all adult male citizens. The Assembly met once a week. The Assembly met once a week. Male citizens took turns being government officials who were responsible organizing the cities defenses, keeping up the food supply, and maintaining public buildings. Male citizens took turns being government officials who were responsible organizing the cities defenses, keeping up the food supply, and maintaining public buildings. Male citizens also sat on juries during court trials. Male citizens also sat on juries during court trials. Citizens enjoyed freedom of speech, including the right to criticize their leaders. Citizens enjoyed freedom of speech, including the right to criticize their leaders. Women, slaves, and foreigners were not given the rights given to male citizens. Women, slaves, and foreigners were not given the rights given to male citizens.

16. The city-state of Athens Unlike the people of Sparta, Athenians were very much interested in art, literature, mathematics, and philosophy. Unlike the people of Sparta, Athenians were very much interested in art, literature, mathematics, and philosophy. Public buildings were beautifully designed; homes were small and plain. Public buildings were beautifully designed; homes were small and plain. People gathered in the marketplace to visit and discuss daily news. People gathered in the marketplace to visit and discuss daily news.

17. The city-state of Athens (continued) Athletics were important to the Athenians. Athletics were important to the Athenians. Sports helped develop strength and coordination. Sports helped develop strength and coordination. Athletes from all over Greece competed every four years in various sporting events at Olympia. This led to the present-day Olympic Games. Athletes from all over Greece competed every four years in various sporting events at Olympia. This led to the present-day Olympic Games. Winners of Olympic events became heroes throughout Greece. Winners of Olympic events became heroes throughout Greece.

18. The city-state of Athens (continued) The prisoners of war were used as slaves, a common practice in countries of the ancient Near East. The prisoners of war were used as slaves, a common practice in countries of the ancient Near East. Women had different roles than men. Women had different roles than men. Their place was in the home caring for children. Their place was in the home caring for children. They could not be government officials or members of the Assembly. They could not be government officials or members of the Assembly. Women did not go to school and were not taught to read and write. Women did not go to school and were not taught to read and write.

19. The city-state of Athens (continued) Temples were built to honor the gods, although religion did not influence people’s lives as much as with other civilization. Temples were built to honor the gods, although religion did not influence people’s lives as much as with other civilization. Athens developed a civilization that was far ahead of other civilizations on earth at the time. Athens developed a civilization that was far ahead of other civilizations on earth at the time.

20. Greek Colonies The seafaring and trade of and trade of the Greek the Greek city-states led to the development of trading posts and colonies throughout the Mediterranean world. Many of these colonies developed in Ionia, (western Turkey). The land was then under the rule of the Persian Empire.

21. War with Persia In 499 BC, the Ionian Greek cities in western Asia Minor revolted against the Persian ruler Darius. In 499 BC, the Ionian Greek cities in western Asia Minor revolted against the Persian ruler Darius. The Persians defeated the Ionian Greeks and attacked the Greece. The Persians defeated the Ionian Greeks and attacked the Greece. In 490 BC the Persians were defeated at the Battle of Marathon, only 26 miles from Athens. In 490 BC the Persians were defeated at the Battle of Marathon, only 26 miles from Athens. The Persian king Xerxes led a massive invasion of Greece, but the Greeks united to defeat the Persians in 479 BC. The Persian king Xerxes led a massive invasion of Greece, but the Greeks united to defeat the Persians in 479 BC.

22. The Growth of Athens Delian League - a defensive alliance that allowed Athens to create an empire. Delian League - a defensive alliance that allowed Athens to create an empire. 461 – 429 BC is known as the Age of Pericles 461 – 429 BC is known as the Age of Pericles Athens developed into a direct democracy. Every male citizen could vote on every issue. Athens developed into a direct democracy. Every male citizen could vote on every issue. Athenians developed ostracism to protect themselves against ambitious politicians. Athenians developed ostracism to protect themselves against ambitious politicians. If 6,000 people voted so, a person was banned from the city for 10 years. If 6,000 people voted so, a person was banned from the city for 10 years. The Age of Pericles is also called Athens' Golden Age because of the wealth, architecture, and philosophy that developed. The Age of Pericles is also called Athens' Golden Age because of the wealth, architecture, and philosophy that developed.

23. Peloponnesian War Individual city-states competed for power Individual city-states competed for power Sparta and its allies feared the Athenian Empire as Athens was the most powerful city-state. Sparta and its allies feared the Athenian Empire as Athens was the most powerful city-state. Both Sparta and Athens had the help of other city-states. Both Sparta and Athens had the help of other city-states.

24. Peloponnesian War: Opponents Sparta had the strongest army. Sparta had the strongest army. Athens had the best navy and the most money. Athens had the best navy and the most money. Greek Trireme

25. Important events of the Peloponnesian War When the war began, a plague struck Athens and killed 1 out of every 4 people. When the war began, a plague struck Athens and killed 1 out of every 4 people. – Athens' leader Pericles died of the plague. After 27 years of fighting, Athens’ navy was captured and the city was starved until it surrendered. After 27 years of fighting, Athens’ navy was captured and the city was starved until it surrendered.

26. Results of the Peloponnesian War Thousands of Greeks were killed and wounded, and the destruction of property was widespread. Thousands of Greeks were killed and wounded, and the destruction of property was widespread. The war weakened the power of Greek city-states and led to a power struggle among Athens, Sparta, and Thebes The war weakened the power of Greek city-states and led to a power struggle among Athens, Sparta, and Thebes

27. Macedonians Northern neighbors to Greece Northern neighbors to Greece Philip II led the Macedonians to defeat Greece at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC Philip II led the Macedonians to defeat Greece at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC Alexander the Great – 20 years old when he became king of Macedonia Alexander the Great – 20 years old when he became king of Macedonia Entered Asia minor and took over Entered Asia minor and took over Persia, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt Persia, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt Sought to imitate Achilles, warrior-hero Sought to imitate Achilles, warrior-hero in Homer’s Illiad in Homer’s Illiad

28. Alexander the Great Alexander (356 BC –323 BC) was one of the most successful military commanders in history, and was undefeated in battle. By the time of his death, he had conquered most of the world known to the ancient Greeks

29. Helenistic Age After Alexander’s death, 4 kingdoms emerged: Macedonia, Syria, Pergamum, Egypt After Alexander’s death, 4 kingdoms emerged: Macedonia, Syria, Pergamum, Egypt Cultural diffusion – spread Greek culture as far as Afghanistan and India Cultural diffusion – spread Greek culture as far as Afghanistan and India

30. Culture in the Helenistic Age Alexandria, Egypt had the largest library in ancient times Alexandria, Egypt had the largest library in ancient times Closely calculated Earth’s circumference Closely calculated Earth’s circumference Euclid and Archimedes developed geometry and the value of pi Euclid and Archimedes developed geometry and the value of pi New philosophic movements New philosophic movements Epicurianism – happiness, freedom from worry and emotional turmoil, was the goal of life Epicurianism – happiness, freedom from worry and emotional turmoil, was the goal of life Stoicism – happiness could only come from inner peace by living in harmony with the will of God Stoicism – happiness could only come from inner peace by living in harmony with the will of God

31. Conclusion Ancient Greece is often called the birthplace of western civilization. Even though the Greeks were defeated by the Macedonians, Alexander adopted Greek ways and spread Greek culture throughout the Middle East. Ancient Greece is often called the birthplace of western civilization. Even though the Greeks were defeated by the Macedonians, Alexander adopted Greek ways and spread Greek culture throughout the Middle East.