1. Foundations Introduction
AP World History
Mr. Gazdzik
Barron’s Notes

2. What is Periodization?
Answer Each period in history has major developments that are dominant at the time.
Periodization simply means to name these characteristics and later classify the historical evidence we learn to the generalization we made before studying the period.

3. Foundations: 3 Themes Civilizations Sources of Change Man vs. Nature
Patterns, developments
Rise-fall of empires: why? consequences?
Sources of Change
Trade
Conquest
Invention, innovation, adaptation; iron, wheel
Man vs. Nature
Interaction? Role of geography? Attempts to measure/control?
Change from survival (physical needs) to internal peace (spiritual needs)

4. Stages of Development Paleolithic Age Neolithic Age
Agricultural Revolution/Neolithic Revolution
Progression from:
Migration
Sedentary Groups
Cities
Empires

5. Consequences of a Food Surplus
Specialization of labor
Improved technology: metal working, irrigation
Stratification of society
Possessions
Armies
Religion
Writing
Government
Population density increases
Refer to Notes from Previous packet

6. CIVILIZATION Advanced Cities Advanced Technology Specialized Workers
Record-
Keeping
Complex
Institutions

7. Civilization and Culture
Defined:
Highly organized group of people with their own language and ways of living.
Everything that makes up a way of life
All cultures have five common components:
symbols,
language,
values and beliefs
Norms
material culture, including technology.

8. Global Power and International Relations
Most advanced civilizations were found in:
Middle East (especially the river valleys of Egypt and Mesopotamia)
China
Why?
Late comers: Greece and Rome
Note: Cultures in North and South America were physically and culturally isolated from the rest of the continents.

9. Global Power and IR Cont.
The cultures of Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia were all linked, directly or indirectly:
war conquest
trade
travel
religious interaction
cultural exchange
By 600 ce the world’s most powerful and advanced, especially China, Persia, and Byzantium.
Europe was slowly recovering from the collapse of Rome in the late 400s.

10. Political Developments
Development of agriculture
advanced forms of political organization
Most governments were
monarchies (rule by a single leader)
Oligarchies (rule by a small elite).
More representative forms of government, such as republics and democracies, were very rare.

11. Political Developments
Decentralized civilizations were governed by confederations of independent city-states (such as Greece) of feudal systems (such as Europe after the fall of Rome).
Many civilizations, by means of military conquest, built empires.
Among the largest and longest lasting were Assyria’s, Persia’s, Rome’s and China’s.

12. Economic and Environmental Developments
Development of agriculture during the Neolithic revolution
Agriculture allowed for
Economic Complexity
Surplus
Specialization of Labor
Social Stratification (Class System)
Use of money for exchange (particularly coinage)
The development of agriculture allowed the accumulation of food surpluses, which enabled some members of society to make a living by means other than growing food. The result was specialization of labor.
 Specialization of labor led to social stratification and the emergence of socioeconomic classes (upper-class aristocracies, middle class merchants and artisans, lower-class urban dwellers and peasants).

13. Environmental Impact Use of water resources Clearing of land
Use of building materials
Roads
Use of fuel materials
Animals
Disease
Mining
Theme of Geography
Disease
Engineering as seen through Rome’s Aqua duct and road system

14. Cultural Developments
Pre-History
Expression in paint and music
Polytheistic religious practices
Buried their dead, religious rituals
Writing develops 3000bce.
Observation and experimentation
Agricultural development
Strong traditions in China, Middle East (SWA), and Med.
World Major Monotheistic Religions are established (Except Islam)

15. Gender Issues
The ability of humans to mate when and with whom they chose gave rise to family units during the prehistoric era.
How have relationship/courtship practices changed?
 Basic physical differences between the sexes led to a gender divisions of labor in most Stone Age societies.
Agriculture
Greater gender divisions = Rise in gender inequality
Who really was displaced during agricultural development?

16. Gender Issues
 Organized religions often reinforced this sense of inequality.
In most societies up to 600 ce women were relegated to a secondary, subservient role.
The degree of subservience depended on the society.
Women had at least some right (divorce, inheritance, and ownership of property for example) if in law code.
They might also exercise certain forms of influence within their societies or, at least their families.
How might this happen?
In other cultures, women had almost no rights or influence. Whatever the case, in almost no society were women granted equal rights to that of men.

18. C and S America Exception to the Rule
Olmecs (Mexico), Chavin (Andes) developed similarly to others: urban, polytheistic, irrigation, writing, calendar, monumental building
The point: Similar pattern of development in different part of earth, no contact
The difference: Not River Valley Civs. No major river to use as transportation or generator of agri-production
Rule that most civilization started on a river system

19. Ideas, Culture, Invention
Trade routes brought various peoples in contact
Pastoralists provided protection, services, supplies
Disease and armies also traveled the routes
plague, small pox, Mongols
Religion-Buddhism to China, SE Asia
Christianity through Med, Europe, Britain
Peoples: Anglo-Saxons to Britain, Huns to India, Germanic Tribes to Italy

20. Belief Systems through 600 CE
Polytheism
Confucianism
Daoism
Legalism
Hinduism
Buddhism
Judaism
Christianity

21. Commonalities Schisms-Divisions resulting in subgroups, sects
Consider social, political, cultural, military impacts as well as theological and philosophical
Where did it start? Where did he spread? How?

22. COMPARE Golden Ages of Rome, Greece, Gupta, Others
Expansion of Territory, flourishing of art and science
Wealth flows in due to military expansion, confidence

23. Questions and Comparisons to Consider While Reading
What roles do geography, climate, and environment play in shaping human society?
How have different societies affected their environments?
How do human societies develop into societies?
What does it mean to be “civilized”?
How do agricultural and urban societies compare with pastoral and nomadic ones?

24. Questions and Comparisons to Consider While Reading
What is the importance of cultural interaction and diffusion versus that of independent innovation in changing societies technologically, scientifically, or culturally? (Home grown vs. Imported?)
Compare how different religious and philosophical traditions have determined how societies organize themselves: how they have justified class systems and hierarchies, how they have treated women.
Examine and compare various forms of social inequality (slavery, caste systems, patriarchy, gender inequality) in different cultures.

25. Questions and Comparisons to Consider While Reading
How have different societies organized themselves economically? What role did trade play? Be able to describe the features of at least on interregional trading system
For example, the Indian Ocean trade network or the overland route linking the Mediterranean and Middle East with East Asia.

26. Questions and Comparisons to Consider While Reading
What are the “classical” civilizations? What does the concept mean? Be able to compare major civilizations-such as India, China, Greece, or Rome-during their classical phases.
How and why do empires and major civilizations decline or collapse? Good comparisons might include Egypt versus Mesopotamia or the Roman Empire versus Han China.
More generally, why did imperial collapse prove more devastating in western Europe than it did farther to the east?

27. What is periodization?
Why are we ending the time period at 600 CE?