1. Africa’s Rich History Series of Rich Kingdoms in Sub- Sahara Africa Cradle of Humanity Long list of African Accomplishments & Contributions to human history Centuries before the discovery of the New World, Africa has cities that were centers of trade & technology

2. Why a Biased History of Africa? 1.Western Historians focused their attention on the history of states- ancient Egypt, Greece! African history- clans, families & tribes 2.Historians relied on written records, stateless society relied on oral traditions 3.Justification of the Slave Trade, African’s were presented as inferior!

3. 2012

6. Nubian Empire /Kush Nubians, Black Africans that established a civilization that parallel Egyptian society. 1000 B.C. – 300 A.D. Egyptian Influence- pyramids, Pharohs, adopted Egyptian Hieroglyphics & Egyptian Gods Images Nubian Pyramids at Meroe Egyptian wall painting depicting Nubians taking offerings of gold to Egypt

7. Kingdom of Axum [300-700] Ethiopia traces its origins to this ancient city!

8. Christian Church, Lalibela [Ethiopia] Christian Empire in Africa

9. Christian Church, Lalibela [Ethiopia] & Debra Damo Monastery Coptic Christian Priest

10. AXUM’S ACHIEVEMENTS Controlled NE African Trade Written Language (one of the few) Spread Christianity in No. & E. Africa Terrace Farming Built Stelae

11. Ethiopian Royalty By 800 AD Aksum had almost ceased to exist. The elite and sections of common people settle in central Ethiopia. Royal authority reigns in Ethiopia until 1974. Image is Circa 1920-1930

12. Other African Empires that students will research! Western African Empires Trading States of East Africa Great Zimbabwe Empire

14. Berbers GOLD SALT Gold-Salt Trade

15. + Gold Salt Trade Western Empires Ghana- the Gold Empire Ghana- the Gold Empire

16. Mali Empire [13c-15c] GOLD SALT

17. Outline of Topics to research for the Western Empires?

20. East African City-States City- States and great trading market and large towns. Traders brought ivory, gold and animal skins from interior of Africa to the coast cities. The trading cities trades with Arabs across the Indian Ocean and in to Asia

21. Swahili-Speaking Areas of E. Africa SWAHILI [“the coast’] = Bantu + some Arabic

22. Outline of Topics to research for Eastern Trading States?

24. Great Zimbabwe [1200-1450] “Zimbabwe” = “stone enclosure”

25. + Great Zimbabwe Empire

26. Outline of Topics to research for the Zimbabwe Empire?

27. Diviners, healers, ancestor worship & Animism Tells the future, Cowrie shells