1. Chapter 7-Issues of The Gilded Age
Section 1: Segregation and Social Tension
Section 2: Political and Economic Challenges
Section 3:Farmer’s and Populism
Standards: 2.1, 2.3, , 9.4

2. African Americans Lose Freedoms
States’ Governments Limit Voting Rights
Poll tax: people had to pay to register to vote (Georgia $1-2)
Literacy tests: “Understanding” Tests
Had to own property
Grandfather clause: In Louisiana this clause allowed any man to vote if he had an ancestor on the voting rolls in 1867, which made former slaves, and their decendants ineligible to vote
1894: 130,000 Black Registered Voters in Louisiana
1904: 1,300 Black Registered Voters
Legalizing Segregation
Segregation: separation of the races
Jim Crow laws: statutes that enforced segregation
Supreme Court overturns the Civil Rights Act of 1875
No longer a violation to keep people out based solely on color
Plessy v. Ferguson: Court case that upheld “Separate but Equal”
Racial Violence
Lynching: executions without proper court hearings
80% in the South
70% of the victims were African Americans

3. Jim Crow and Limited Opportunity

4. Section 1: The Rise of Segregation
Resistance and Repression
Sharecroppers: landless farmers who paid in the form of crops to a landlord for supplies, rent, seed, tools and other supplies; were always in debt
Exodus to Kansas
Exodusters: migrants of African Americans from the rural South to Kansas
Forming a Separate Alliance
Colored Farmers’ National Alliance: helped African Americans economically by setting up cooperatives
Cooperatives: a store where farmers bought products from each other; an organization that is owned and run by the people who use the services
Crushing the Populist Revolt
An appeal to racism
“Black Republicanism” a step back to Reconstruction

5. Exodusters

6. African Americans Oppose Injustices Ida B. Wells:
Memphis Free Speech
Anti-lynching
Said it was greed not just racial prejudice that led to the brutal acts and violence
Mob destroyed printing press of Memphis Free Speech and drove Ida from town
A Call for Compromise
Booker T. Washington: proposed that African Americans concentrate on education and economic gains rather than deal with politics
Atlanta Compromise: Booker T. Washington wanted the African American population to postpone the fight for Civil Rights until they were prepared to full equality.
A Voice of the Future
W.E.B. Du Bois
The Souls of Black Folk
Promoting and protecting the voting rights of African Americans was the only way to reach equality.

7. Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Dubois, Ida B. Wells

8. Chinese Immigrants Face Discrimination
1882: Chinese Exclusion Act: Chinese Immigrants Banned for 10 Years
Wong Kim Ark v. United States: Supreme Court Upheld 14th Amendment

9. Mexicans Americans Struggle in the West
Abuse and Discrimination Undermine Rights
Courts backed white Americans land claims most of the time
Las Gorras Blancas: Extremist group who targeted large ranch owners with terror tactics
Alianza Hispano-Americana: Organization formed to protect Mexican-American Culture

10. Women Make Gains and Suffer Setbacks
Susan B. Anthony: Felt betrayed when 14th/15th Amendments did not include women- 1872: Broke law by voting illegally in New York
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: National Women’s Suffrage Association
Women’s Christian Temperance Movement: Fought for women’s rights but also wanted to prohibit sale of alcohol (18th Amendment)

11. “Political and Economic Challenges”
U.S. History I
Chapter 7 Section 2
“Political and Economic Challenges”
2.5, 9.1, 9.3, 9.4

12. Section 2: Balance of Power Creates Stalemate
: Presidents win by narrow margins and presidents are weak or corrupt.
Benjamin Harrison: Second President to lose Popular vote but win Electoral College
Chester Arthur: Took over after James Garfield was assassinated: Disliked by OWN Republican Party
*Grover Cleveland: Known for his Integrity: 1884 Won: 1888 Lost to Harrison (Electoral College) 1892: Won again (Only one counted TWICE)
Corruption Plagues National Politics
Joseph Keppler: Political Cartoonist: “The Bosses of the Senate” Next Slide
Patronage: government jobs go to the supporters of the winning party in an election. “Spoils System”
The Pendleton Act: Allowed the president to decide which federal jobs would be filled according to the rules of the Civil Service Commission: All had to take exam to qualify for job.
Under Pres. Arthur, 14,000 jobs were placed under this program

13. Economic Issues Challenge Nation
Tariff: Tax on Imports
Republicans: Wanted High Tariffs
Democrats: Wanted Low Tariffs
Silver or Gold
Greenbacks retired after Civil War
Goldbugs: Wanted all coins made of gold
Silverites: Wanted all coins made of silver

14. Section 3: Farmers and Populism
Unrest in Rural America
Populism: a political movement founded in the 1890s that mainly represented farmers, favored free coinage of silver, and favored government control of railroads and other big industries
Falling Prices and Rising Debt
Greenbacks: U.S. paper money
Inflation: money loses value, higher prices
Deflation: lower prices, higher buying power
Deflation Hurts Farmers
The Crime of ’73: The decision of the government to stop the minting of silver

15. The Farmers’ Alliance The Grange Takes Action: Oliver H. Kelley: 1867
Cooperatives: marketing organizations that worked to benefit their members
The Grange Fails
Didn’t change economic problems of farmers
Railroads fought back by cutting services and refusing to lay more track
Wabash v. Illinois: limited a state’s ability to regulate the railroads, states could not regulate interstate commerce
The Farmers’ Alliance
Lampasas County, Texas 1877
Charles Macune
The Alliance Grows
Kansas
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
South and Great Plains
The People’s Party: Populists
The Subtreasury Plan: called for the government to set up warehouses where farmers could store crops for low-interest loans until prices increased.

16. The Populist Party Demands Reforms
Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890: authorized the U.S. Treasury to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver a month, put more money into circulation in an attempt to help farmers
The South Turns to Populism
Many Southern Democrats move to Populist Party
A Populist for President
James B. Weaver
Graduated income tax: taxation of higher earnings more heavily
Government ownership of railroads
The Panic of 1893: Economic Crisis
Stock Market on Wall Street Crash
Banks closed
Economic Depression

17. The Election of 1896 Bryan’s Campaign The Front Porch Campaign
William Jennings Bryan
Supported the minting of silver
*Also known as prosecutor in the “Scopes Monkey Trial”
Bryan’s Campaign
600 speeches in 14 weeks
Republicans nominate William McKinley as the man who could beat Bryan
The Front Porch Campaign
William McKinley spoke only at his Canton, Ohio home. Delegates came to see him at his home.
Full Dinner Pan
Unemployment would rise, wages would be cut
Populism Declines
Depression ends
Gold in Canada, Alaska, and South Africa increase money supply