1. The Early Modern Period 1450-1750 CE
UNIT 4
APWH EXAM REVIEW

2. MAJOR CHANGES
World becomes global - exploration; technological innovations; political organizations; trade
Domination of Maritime trade - shift from land based trade in Classical and Post-Classical Periods
Decline of nomadic groups and their power
Shift in labor systems
Gunpowder Empires

3. Major Early Modern Empires
Spain
Portugal
England
France
The Netherlands
Russia
Gunpowder Empires:
Ottoman Empire
Tokugawa Japan
Safavid Persia
Ming China
Mughal India

5. The Ottoman Empire 1299-1923 Founded by Osman
1453: take Constantinople and end Byz. Empire
Take control of land on 3 continents - From Iraq in the east, North Africa to the South; Balkans to the East
Sultan (supreme leader) w/ a bureaucracy
Strong army (Janissaries); Slave labor
Religiously and culturally tolerant
Emphasized Merchant class
Women have right to own property

7. Mughal India
Descendants of Mongol invaders and Muslim merchants in Northern India
Included India, Pakistan and Afghanistan
Strong military, funded by high taxes
Those in military earn pieces of land, which makes regional princes upset
Muslim leaders over Hindu majority - religiously tolerant (they have to be!)
Creation of new religion: Sikhism (Islam and Hinduism)
Great architectural feats - Taj Mahal

8. Tokugawa Japan
Tokugawa family unite regional daimyos under one government
Capital: Edo (Tokyo)
Opposed to European presence in Asia (after seeing Spanish take over Philippines; did not want Europeans to appeal to daimyos to overthrow gov’t)
1630s: close Japan from European influences
No travel to Europe; no Europeans in Japan except Dutch traders (limited)

10. Ming China 1368-1644 Follow Yuan dynasty (Mongols)
Promote initial exploration - Zheng He; eventually recalled to deal with internal problems
Neo-Confucianism
Silk Road begins to decline b/c of maritime trade
Cultural contributions: porcelain; paintings
At end of dynasty, very inept rulers; prone to rebellions and outside attacks

12. Qing China Overthrown Ming Dynasty in 1644 (last until 1911)
Led by Manchus (from Manchuria) – viewed as outsiders by rest of China
Pre-1750: very strong empire; promote Mandate of Heaven; forbid intermarriage between Manchus and Chinese
Golden Age of Chinese civilization - good, long-serving rulers; promotion of Confucianism, education and military might
React favorably to Catholic missionaries; increase trade with Europeans and open ports for trade

13. Safavid Persia 1501-1736 Shi’a Islam Founded by Ismail
Lack of religious tolerance – goes to war with Ottomans to convert them; Safavids lose
Capital: Isfahan - great city planning; mosques
Difficult to expand due to being surrounded by other empires - Arab empires, Ottomans, Mughals

15. Age of Exploration
Portugal - exploration and colonization – Prince Henry the Navigator; important in early slave trade; first to set up trading centers in Africa’s coast (factories)/ trade directly with India and China; Brazil
Spain - Isabella and Ferdinand; exploration and colonization; expelled Muslims and Jews from Spain (Inquisition); control most of Latin America and southern North America; crucial in beginning of slave trade
Treaty of Tordesillas – divides South America between Spain and Portugal

17. Age of Exploration France England
Power through trade and colonization (Northern parts of North America)
Traders; Trappers
Louis XIV - absolute monarch; Palace of Versailles
England
Power from trade and colonization
British East India Company
Mercantilism
Strong naval force - defeat Spanish Armada
Colonies on Eastern seaboard of N.America
Strong limited government (monarchy) with Parliament
Queen Elizabeth I

18. Social and Gender Change in Early Modern Europe
Major cities develop - Paris, London, Amsterdam
Rise of small middle class (much bigger in Industrial Revolution)
Rising gap between rich and poor
Later marriage ages; decline in arranged marriage
Some women become educated
Renaissance and Reformation change views of European society

19. Early Modern Russia
Post-Classical Mongol control of Russia hurts most of the region, except for Moscow, which benefits from the tax collection; feudalism increases; behind in trade and technological development
Romanov Family dominates
Expansion east – use of Cossacks
Peter the Great - Westernization; St. Petersburg; warm water port
Catherine the Great; appeal to upper classes (boyars); likes idea of Westernization, but doesn’t implement it as well as Peter
Both treat peasants terribly

20. Exploration and Colonization of the Americas - Consequences
Decimation of indigenous peoples - Aztecs, Incas, Native Americans (90%)
Spread of Disease - smallpox, tuberculosis
Columbian Exchange: animals and crops
Rise in coercive labor – Encomiendas; Slave labor
European access to raw materials (silver, sugar, cotton, tobacco)

21. Coercive or Forced Labor Systems
Type of labor system
Location
Demographic Impact
Treatment of Slaves
Status of Slaves
Slave Trade (Trans-Saharan and East Africa)
East Africa
Mostly women and lower-class women
Part of property
Plantation System (Atlantic Slave Trade)
Caribbean; North and South America
15-25 million slaves to the Americas
Middle Passage; silver mining; agricultural and domestic work
Not much social mobility in early modern period
Janissaries
Ottoman Empire; young boys from Eastern Europe
Military Service; forced conversion to Islam
Some social mobility
Serfdom
Eastern Europe
Russia
Japan
Becomes very similar to slavery
Some mobility

22. Early Modern Demographic Changes
Rise in population in Europe
Decrease in population in Americas
15th century: 67 million living in North, Central and south America
1700: 13 million in all of western hemisphere
Africa: slave trade hurt, but not decimate African demographics
By 1700: doubled population in 1000 CE
Western Africa only area really impacted by ST
Asia: between 1000 and 1700 CE - population almost doubles

23. Major European Cultural and Intellectual Developments
Renaissance (15th and 16th centuries)
Starts in Italy (humanism; less focus on church; Machiavelli; secular paintings; architecture)
Spreads to Northern Europe (still focused on religion)
Reformation
1517: Martin Luther posts 95 Theses
Question of authority of Catholic Church
Religion should be personal; not corrupt
Speaks out against Indulgences
Many religious wars (Thirty Years War)
Counter-Reformation (Catholic Church’s attempt to stop conversion)

24. Scientific Revolution
World could be explained through natural, rather than religious, laws
Sun center of the universe (heliocentric theory - Copernicus, Galileo)
Scientific Method
Diffuses throughout Europe and Americas
Enlightenment
Social Contract Theory- people have a say in government (John Locke)
Natural Rights - life, liberty and property (John Locke)
Right to revolution and overthrow of government
Freedom of speech, press, and religion (Voltaire)
Challenges idea of divine right of kings
Diffuses through Europe and American colonies