1. The Olympic Games

2. Origins of the Modern Olympic Movement
Olympic-like Festivals
Baron Pierre de Coubertin

3. Olympic-like Festivals and References
1. Olympic festivals in England, Scandinavia, Yugoslavia – W.P. Brooks
2. World’s Fairs
3. Montreal Olympic Festival – 1844
4. Scottish Highland Games
5. German and German American Turnfests
6. 19th Century Greek Olympics (Zappas)
7. World Fairs and Expositions
8. Helmuth College Olympics – London, Ontario

5. Coubertin Otto von Bismark Education Travel – Britain, US, Canada
Thomas Hughes, Tom Brown’s Schooldays
Muscular Christianity
“Whoever learns not to shrink from a football scrimmage will not retreat from the mouth of a Prussian cannon.”

6. Coubertin cont’d 1894 Paris International Athletic Congress
The Sorbonne, University of Paris
The Premise: Amateur Sport

7. Demetrius Vikelas

10. Athens, 1896
Georges Averoff

18. Paris, 1900 Paris International Exposition The Sabbath question
George Orton: 2500m steeplechase
Alex and Dick Grant: St. Mary’s (Penn and Harvard)
Charlotte B. Cooper

27. St. Louis, 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition Etienne Desmarteau
George S. Lyon
Felix Carvajal
Fred Lorz - Thomas Hicks

40. The Interim Games - Athens 1906

42. London

44. Stockholm

50. Antwerp

54. Paris 1924 Winter and Summer

60. Amsterdam 1928

64. Women’s Participation at the Olympic Games

65. Background Athletics – Track &Field Sigfrid Edstrom 1914 IAAF
Olympics as World championships

66. On Women’s Participation
Hosts and organizing committees
1912

67. Women and the Olympic Games
1. Men’s attitudes about women and exercise:
Medical; social; religious; sexuality and fashion
2. IOC attitudes about women’s participation

72. Pierre de Coubertin
“We feel that the Olympic Games must be reserved for men…We must continue to try to achieve the following definition: the solemn and periodic exaltation of male athleticism with internationalism as its base, loyalty as a means art for its setting, and female applause as reward.”

73. Women as ritual ornaments –displays and ceremonies

74. Coubertin
Woman’s glory:
“through the number and quality of children she produced”
“encourage her sons to excel rather than to seek records for herself”

75. Sigfrid Edstrom – IAAF

76. Alice Milliat
Federation Sportive Feminine Internationale

77. Women’s Olympics – 1922
Control over women’s sport – athletics
“Olympic”
fashion

80. Female Athletes:
Looks
Behaviour
performance

81. Maxwell Stiles - Los Angeles Examiner (1932) “The Canadian girls are undoubtedly the prettiest and most wholesome looking group of girls who have arrived for the competition. They constitute a denial of the general idea that a woman athlete must be built like a baby grand piano and have a face like a hatchet. Their ages range from 16 to 21, and they are here to show the world that Canada has some splendid young women who are good-looking and who know how to conduct themselves.”

82. 1928 5 Track and Field Events Boycott – Britain – women The 800m
Attempts in 1930 and 1931 to expel women from the Olympics

84. L-R: Bell, Cook, Smith, Rosenfeld
TOP: The Olympic Relay Team Just After Winning the Gold (from left to right) Jane Bell, Myrtle Cook, Ethel Smith, Bobbie Rosenfeld, 1928

86. The Feminizing Process
Control over women’s sport – incorporation
Channeling
Appropriately feminine – grace, rhythm
Gender polarities

87. Avery Brundage: “I think women’s events should be confined to those appropriate for women - swimming, tennis, figure skating, and fencing, but certainly not shot-putting.”

88. Against the Grain Edmonton Commercial Graduates Basketball Team

89. Coach, manager, promoter Percy Page
Feeder system – juniors, boys
Regional, national, international
A traveling women’s team?

90. Single
No smoking
No drinking
Fair play
Chaperones
dress

91. With the Grain
Feminized sport
Darlings, pixies, mermaids

92. Barbara Ann Scott World Champion Olympic Champion
Barbara Ann won many titles in her short skating career: Junior Figure
Skating Champion of Canada (1940); Canadian Senior Women’s
Champion ( ); North-American championships ( );
two European championships ( ); two World championships
( ) and an Olympic gold medal at the 5th Winter Olympic
Games in St. Moritz, Switzerland on February 6, In February
1947, when Barbara Ann won her first European championship title in
Stockholm, Sweden, she became the first North American to win that
title since its inception in 1896.
mong many other honours, Barbara Ann was awarded the Lou Marsh
Trophy as Canada’s top athlete of the year in 1945, 1947 and 1948.
She was inducted into Canada’s Olympic Hall of Fame in 1948;
Canada’s Sports Hall of Fame in 1955 and the Canadian Figure
Skating Hall of Fame in She became an Officer of the Order of
Canada in 1991 and in 1998 was named to Canada’s new Walk of
Fame. Her capable coaches, Otto Gold and Sheldon Galbraith, helped
her with her many accomplishments.
Barbara Ann Scott
World Champion
Olympic Champion