1. Chapter 21 Life In The Industrial Age Mr
Chapter 21 Life In The Industrial Age Mr. Cook’s Class Vocabulary & Notes PPT

2. Henry Bessemer Develops the Bessemer process
New way to make steel from iron
1856 Bessemer patents steel which was lighter, harder, and more durable than iron
Steelmaking process

3. Alfred Nobel 1866 invents dynamite
Much safer explosive than had been invented to that time
Used in warfare and peace
Awards funded by Nobel’s profits to this day

4. Michael Faraday Invents the first simple electric motor and dynamo
All electrical generators and transformers work on the principle of the dynamo

5. dynamo
A machine that generated electricity

6. Thomas Edison 1870’s invents the first electric light bulb
Invents the power plant which he uses to light NYC for the first time in the 1780’s
Leads to society which has electrical wires carrying power everywhere

7. Interchangeable parts
Invented by Eli Whitney while making parts for U.S. Army gun order
Allows identical components to be created for easy assembly and repair of products

8. Assembly line
Workers along a line add parts to a product as it goes by on a belt from one station to the next
Makes production faster by the early 1900’s
Henry Ford “perfects” the process in order to produce cars

9. Orville & Wilbur Wright
1903, these two gentlemen design and fly a flimsy airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
Flight lasts only a few seconds
Commercial travel begins by the 1920’s
Inventions

10. Guglielmo Marconi By the 1890’s, Marconi invented the radio
By 1901, he had received a radio message, using Morse code, sent from Britain to Canada

11. stock Shares in companies (part or piece of ownership of a company)
Due to large amounts of capital required to start large industries, selling stock becomes necessary as industries grew

12. corporation
Giant businesses that are owned by many “stock holders” or investors
Corporations could expand into many different venues with lots of capital

13. cartel
Group of corporations joining forces to fix prices, set production quotas, and control markets
Growth of monopolies occurs

14. Growth of Cities Notes
London Fog
Germ theory
Belief originating in the 1600’s that microscopic organisms or microbes caused specific infectious diseases

15. Louis Pastor
1870, French chemist who clearly demonstrated a link between microbes and disease
Also develops vaccines against rabies and anthrax
Discovered pasteurization which kills disease carrying microbes in milk

16. Robert Koch
1880’s, German doctor who identified the bacterium that caused tuberculosis
Tuberculosis- respiratory disease that claimed about 30 million lives in the 1800’s

17. Florence Nightingale
Crimean War nurse who insisted on better hygiene in field hospitals
Also worked to introduce sanitary measures in British hospitals
Founded the first school of nursing

18. Joseph Lister
English surgeon who discovered how antiseptics prevented infection
Insisted surgeons sterilize their instruments and wash their hands before operating

19. Urban renewal Rebuilding of the poor areas of a city
Trend in Europe in the mid-1800’s

20. Mutual-aid society
Self-help groups formed to aid sick or injured workers
Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 left lasting images of worker discontent
Rise of workers

21. Standard of living
The quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society
Workers lives improve with better diets, homes, clothing, etc.

22. Cult of domesticity
Ideas by the late 1800’s that women were tied to the home
Poor women still had to work and be the home caretaker
“Home, Sweet Home”

23. Temperance movement A campaign to limit the use of alcoholic beverages
Leads indirectly to the women’s rights movement in the United States
1820’s-1920’s

25. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Pioneer who started movements to gain more rights for women
1848 Seneca Falls Convention
Movement comes out of the abolitionist movement of the 1830’s-1860’s
Women’s Suffrage

26. Women’s suffrage
The movement to gain women’s right to vote begins in Seneca Falls in 1848
By late 1800’s, movement has spread to Europe

27. Sojourner Truth African American women’s suffragist
Claimed that she did not receive many of the “comforts” of womanhood because she was black

28. John Dalton
Early 1800’s, English Quaker schoolteacher develops modern atomic theory
All matter is created of tiny particles called atoms
Different kinds/combinations of atoms make different matter

29. Charles Darwin In 1859, On the Origin of Species was published
Believed all forms of life had evolved into their present state over millions of years
Natural selection- process of competition allows only the fittest to survive
HMS Beagle

30. racism
One racial group is superior to another

31. Social gospel Pushed by Christians to encourage social service
Including working for reforms in housing, healthcare, and education

32. romanticism
Artistic style emphasizing imagination, freedom, and emotion
Works focus on simple, direct language, intense feelings, and glorification of nature
Romantic authors included William Wordsworth and William Blake
Sunset

33. Lord Byron Britain’s George Gordon
Writer of poetry and adventures that died early
Wrote mostly of isolated romantic heroes

34. Victor Hugo
Re-creates France’s past in the Hunchback of Notre Dame and Les Miserables
Les Miserables describes the reality of poverty, hunger, and corruption among the poor in Paris

35. Ludwig van Beethoven
Romantic composer ( ) who composed nine symphonies, five piano concertos, etc.
Lost his hearing at an early age but still continued to compose

36. realism
By mid-1800’s, new movement to attempt to represent the world as it was
Often focused on life in cities or villages
Harsh truths were revealed
Artistic movements

37. Charles Dickens
English novelist who portrayed the lives of slum dwellers and factory workers, including children
Oliver Twist and A Christmas Carol illustrate lives of those less fortunate in late 1800’s London

38. Gustave Courbet
French realist painter who focused on real life subjects
“I cannot paint an angel… because I have never seen one”
The Stone Breakers- painting showing two rough laborers on a country road

39. Louis Daguerre
French photographer who first produced successful photographs in the 1840’s

40. impressionism
Movement in the 1870’s to represent the first fleeting impression made by a scene or an object
Why paint realism when a photograph could capture it in an instant?

41. Claude Monet
Famous impressionist painter who left unblended brush strokes side by side in paintings
Allowed human mind/eye to blend the colors in paintings

42. Vincent van Gogh
Postimpressionist artist who experimented with sharp brush lines and bright colors
His brushwork gave a dreamlike quality to his paintings

43. Back to Title

44. Back to Wright Brothers

45. Back to cartels

48. Back to Urban Renewal

49. Back to Standard of Living

54. Back to Women’s Suffrage

55. Back to Courbet

57. Back to Charles Dickens