1. 1 Identification (35-40% of the test) - simply test whether you know a fact or facts. Analytical (20-25% of the test) - makes you think about relationships, see connections, place in order. Quotation Based (10% or less of the test) - match the quote with the appropriate person. Image Interpretation (10% or less of the test) - determine images relevance, purpose, or meaning. Map Based Questions (10% or less of the test) - identify what a map shows, or interpret its purpose. Graph & Chart Interpretation (10% or less of the test) - interpret answer from data given in chart form. What do multiple choice questions look for?

2. 2 World Population, 400 BCE - 2000 CE

3. 3 But the growth was not equal everywhere! World Population in long 19 th century

4. 4 YearPopulation in Millions % of World Population 175014119.3 185029225.0 190048230.0 World Population of People of European Descent in Europe, the United States, and Canada combined. For example, the population of European descent in these three regions grew significantly between 1750 and 1900.

5. 5 Growth of the Population of Boston 1690 - 7,000 1790 - 18,038 1900 - 560,892 158% 3,010%

6. 6 Not only was the human population growing, it was moving.

7. 7 Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Migration from Europe from 1750 or earlier

8. 8 Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Continuing Atlantic slave trade after 1750

9. 9 Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Labor migration from Asia mainly after 1750

10. 10 Major Global Migrations Europeans overseas including Siberia 1820-1930 55-60,000,000 Africans to the Americas 1811-1870 1,900,000 Asians overseas 1850-1920 2,500,000

11. 11 But a growing population meant that human need for resources—for energy—was growing, too. And humans dealt with this need by using fossil fuels. Watch!

12. 12 5 watts Small wax candle, 800 BCE

13. 13 Parson’s turbine, 1884 CE 100,000 watts

14. 14 The Fossil Fuel Revolution The biological old regime ends when vast new sources of energy come into use: Coal Electricity Gas Petroleum Nuclear

15. 15 By taking energy from fossil fuels like coal instead of biomass like wood…

16. 16 The Fossil Fuel Revolution Over millions of years, ancient forests change into peat, then coal.

17. 17 and with better and better steam engines to harness coal’s energy…

18. 18 Power loom weaving Lancashire, 1835 People could produce more efficiently.

19. 19 In Britain coal mines were close to factories and cities. In China coal mines were far from factories and cities. How might history have been different if the closest sources of coal available to Britain were, say, in the Carpathian Mountains of southeastern Europe?

20. 20 Coal mine in the Rhondda valley in Wales

21. 21 Robert Fulton’s Clermont steamship 1807 And travel more quickly.

22. 22 George Stephenson’s “Rocket” steam locomotive 1829 And travel more quickly

23. 23 The increasing power of steam engines in long 19 th century

24. 24 The Industrial Revolution Fossil fuel energy in production and transportation

25. 25 Cotton exports from agrarian economies to industrial economies Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. U.S.A. Egypt India Russia

26. 26 Textile exports from industrial to agrarian economies Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

27. 27 Adam Smith argued for ideas like these in his book The Wealth of Nations (1776). New economic ideas People should be able to buy and sell land freely. People should be able to buy and sell labor freely. People should be able to buy and sell goods freely.

28. 28 Sounds great! But what did governments need to do to make these ideas work? New economic ideas People should be able to buy and sell land freely. People should be able to buy and sell labor freely. People should be able to buy and sell goods freely.

29. 29 Improve public health. Build railroads, ports, and telegraphs. Standardize weights and measures.

30. 30 Antiseptic medicine 1867 Transcontinental railroad 1869 Metric system 1790

31. 31 Tom Paine argued for these ideas in Common Sense (1775) New political ideas: People should be free to choose their government. Government should protect people’s liberties. People should have equal rights.

32. 32 Sounds democratic! New political ideas A nation should be free to choose its government. Government should protect people’s liberties. People should have equal rights.

33. 33 Governments created representative institutions. Governments wrote constitutions. Governments promoted education.

34. 34 French National Assembly 1789 United States Constitution 1787 Ottoman Turkish Regulations for Public Education 1869

35. 35 What happened if governments wouldn’t make these changes themselves?

36. 36 Change the government! The Atlantic Revolutions United States 1776 Venezuela 1811 Haiti 1791 France 1789

37. 37 In each country, people struggled over liberty, equality, and nationalism. United States 1776 Venezuela 1811 Haiti 1791 France 1789

38. 38 Ascendancy of Liberalism What was it in the 19 th century?

39. 39 Ascendancy of Liberalism Are the political and economic tendencies in these two boxes compatible or inconsistent? Rational thought and behavior Civil freedoms and legal equality Rule of law Constitutional and limited government The right to vote and be educated Technical and scientific progress Free market economy Nationalism that advances the community of nations Enhancement of state power and centralization Increased state military and police power State-managed social welfare More efficient taxation State economic management Larger-scale economic enterprise Imperial conquest and authoritarian rule over colonized Exclusivist or xenophobic nationalism

40. 40 Were these four 19 th -century leaders champions of Liberalism? Napoleon Bonaparte 1799-1815 William Gladstone 1868-94 Mahmud II 1808-1839 Porfirio Díaz 1876-1911

41. 41 So much was changing so fast… How could people keep up?

42. 42 People moved more quickly. Ideas moved more quickly.

43. 43 Railroad Steamboat Transatlantic cable Newspaper The Communication Revolution

44. 44 The Speed Revolution One hour of optimum travel:  Walking - 5 km  Horse-drawn coach - 10 km  Railway locomotive (1847) - 96 km  Normannia steamship (1890) - 40 km  French rapid train - 297 km  Jet plane - 1000 km

45. 45 Railway Development in Europe 1840 1850

46. 46 Railway Development in Europe 1880

47. 47 Railway Construction in India 1853-1931

48. 48 The Modern Revolution meant powerful economic growth in the world as a whole. World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Dollars as valued in 1990

49. 49 Powerful, but not equal. The countries which modernized first used it to their advantage.

50. 50 Percentage of World GDP Western Europe and North America vs. Asia The Modern Revolution shifted the world’s economic center.

51. 51 India, 1877 After the Modern Revolution, much more food went on the world market…

52. 52 India, 1877 and it was often shipped to where it got the highest price,

53. 53 not to where it was needed most.

54. 54 And industrial technology could be used not only to create, but to destroy.

55. 55 And more of the world was colonized than ever before.

56. 56 Battle of Omdurman, Sudan, 1898 Sudanese dead, 10,000 British dead, 48

57. 57 The European Moment Land surface of the world controlled by Europeans: 180035% 187867% 191488% But... duration of European world domination in the past 2000 years: 80 yrs

58. 58 Some elites around the world tried to adopt parts of the Modern Revolution to strengthen their own governments. Russia Mexico Japan Egypt

59. 59 Russia Mexico Japan Egypt Modernize the army. Modernize the economy. Maintain independence.

60. 60 People who traveled to learn about one part of the Modern Revolution, like fossil fuels,….

61. 61 also learned about the democratic part of the Modern Revolution.

62. 62 And they didn’t keep the ideas to themselves. They communicated them, because it was all part of the package.

63. 63 And powerful elites who wanted to modernize in some ways did not count on people demanding the democratic part of the package.

64. 64 To: Mundo CAUTION: Contents Under Pressure