1. IdeaIs and ReaIity of the 1919 Egyptian RevoIution and the RoIe of the WAFD By: MikaeIa Brandt-Fontaine, Nathan CarroII, Sebastian CoII, Cameron Fudeh, Lizzy Furey, AIison Grausam,Tristan Persaud

2. Causes ●Egypt had been occupied by the British since 1882. ●When WWI broke out in 1914, Egypt was declared a British protectorate and put under martial law. ●Egyptians resented the presence of British troops, their seizure of resources, and the conscription of Egyptian workers into labor camps. ●Inspired by Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, which promised the right to self- determination, the Wafd party leaders demanded to travel to London to negotiate independence two days after the war ended.

3. What Happened ●The protesters in Egypt initially used civil disobedience. ●A petition was held by Wafd members to authorize Egypt’s local leaders to move for complete independence. ●The British government responded by detaining the new revolution’s leaders. ●Until April, there were strikes and demonstrations in the larger cities every day by people of different occupations and religions. ●While in more rural areas, violent uprising occurred. ●Britain responded by offering to recognise Egypt’s sovereignty, as long as some of Britain’s influence in that region was sustained.

4. Effects/Results ●British recognition of Egyptian independence ●Implementation of a new constitution ●Continued British presence in Egypt & Sudan

5. Ideals ● the people of Egypt wanted independence ● officially a British protectorate o like a colony, but maintain some semblance of sovereignty o no international diplomacy or national protection ● Britain forced Egyptians into labor corporations and used their land without permission

6. The Wafd Party ●The Wafd (“Delegation”) was a nationalist liberal political party in Egyptnationalist liberal political partyEgyp ○ Dissolved after the revolution of 1952 ●Led by Saad Zaghlul Pasha, the goal of the Wafd was to achieve complete independence for Egypt.

7. Wafd Founders

8. Role of the Wafd ●The Wafd Party was denied permission to have representatives go to London and speak with the home government; as well as attend the Paris Peace Conference. ○In response, Wafd leaders published memos and gave speeches around the country. ●Many Wafd leaders, including Saad Zaghloul, were deported to the island of Malta. ○Resulted in Student strikes, beginning the revolution of 1919. ○Saad Zaghloul was released and the Wafd party was strengthened, with true public support.

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