1. Climate-Friendly Actions with Co-Benefits Julie McNamee NPS Air Resources Division July 17, 2007

2. Overview Co-benefits introduction CAPs explained Impacts of CAPs How CAPs and GHG are related The Co-Benefits Concept Co-Benefit Examples

3. Co-benefits When reduce one type of pollutant you reduce another so there are ‘co-benefits’ GHG reduction and CAP reduction go hand-in-hand

4. What are CAPs? Criteria Air Pollutants Cause or contribute to air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare Result from numerous, diverse mobile and stationary sources

5. Regulations exist

6. CAP regulation: the Clean Air Act Primary standards are to protect human health, including sensitive populations Secondary standards are to protect public welfare National Ambient Air Quality Standards are established for six criteria pollutants (nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and lead)

7. Primary v. Secondary standard objectives Health Welfare

8. Impacts of CAPs : NOx Nitrogen oxides –React with volatile organic compounds to form ozone (smog), a respiratory irritant –Contribute to acid deposition (acid rain and nutrient overload) –Significant player in visibility reduction

9. Impacts of CAPs : SOx Sulfur oxides –Cause respiratory illness –Primary factor in acid deposition –Primary cause of visibility reduction

10. Impacts of CAPS : 0 3 Ozone –Triggers a variety of respiratory health problems –May cause permanent lung damage –Injures plants and ecosystems

11. Ozone continued

12. Impacts of CAPs : PM Particulate Matter –Causes respiratory illness –Contributes to acid deposition –Causes aesthetic damage to culturally important objects –Contribute to visibility reduction

13. Impacts of CAPs : CO Carbon Monoxide Cardiovascular and nervous system effects stem from reduced lung function

14. Impacts of CAPs : Pb Lead Serious health effects include damage to brain and nervous system (particularly in young children), damage to reproductive and other organs

15. How are GHGs and CAPs Related?

16. The Co-Benefits Concept Take ONE action, receive TWO benefits: both CAPs and GHGs are reduced simultaneously Plus, the impacts associated with each form of emissions are reduced

17. CAP-Reducing Measures with GHG Co-Benefits Replace boilers/ generators/heaters with less polluting versions Reduce vehicle idling Use alternative-fuel vehicles Carpool Encourage use of public transportation

18. Example: Institute a Visitor Shuttle CAP Action: Restrict roadways to personal vehicles; transport visitors via shuttle instead –Glacier Nat’l Park – Grand Canyon Nat’l Park Result: Dramatically improve park air quality by reducing CAPs Co-Benefit: –GHG: Less combustion of gasoline/diesel – saves CO 2 emissions –GHG: Reduced VMT – saves CH 4 and N 2 O emissions –Economic incentive –Decreased road maintenance costs

19. GHG-Reducing Measures with CAP Co-Benefits Use energy-efficient appliances Use renewable energy Turn off lights/appliances when not in use Reduce, reuse, recycle Encourage alternate modes of transportation (walking, biking, etc.) Weatherize buildings

20. Example: Install Photovoltaic Panels GHG Action: Install photovoltaic panels on buildings to meet building energy needs via solar energy –Zion National Park Result: Reduce energy consumption (and energy costs) and CO 2 emissions –Sometimes excess energy can be sent back to the grid, supplying emission-free electricity to other users CAP Co-benefit: fewer emissions of CAPs at power plant

21. The take home message CAPs and GHGs are contributing to global climate change BUT There are things that you can do to help reduce your contribution of GHGs and CAPs! Follow the leaders: NPS, EPA, DOE, USFS and others!

22. WE CAN DO SOMETHING! Let’s not let this become our reality! Act now!

23. Any questions?

24. THANK YOU! For future questions please contact me: Julie McNamee National Park Service Air Resources Division julie_thomas@nps.gov (202) 513-7182 http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/ Have a great day!