1. CHAPTER 12 FOREIGN AFFAIRS IN THE YOUNG NATION

2. Great Seal
Unfinished pyramid signifies strength and endurance

3. Great Seal Eagle is a symbol of national power. One talon has the
arrows of war.
One talon has an
olive branch of peace.

4. 12.2 President Washington Creates a Foreign Policy
New nation surrounded by unfriendly powers
Britain controlled Canada and refused to abandon forts in the Ohio Valley
Spain controlled Florida and Louisiana
Events in Europe were threatening the nation
Washington announced a policy of neutrality
US would do nothing to aid either France or Britain

5. 12.3 Dilemma 1: What Should President Adams Do to Protect American Ships?
JAY TREATY
Chief Justice John Jay made a treaty with Britain.
Britain pulled their troops out of the Ohio River Valley
France viewed the treaty as a betrayal by
the Us and began attacking American
merchant ships.

6. DILEMMA 1 XYZ AFFAIR President Adams sent 3 envoys to
meet with French Foreign Minister Talleyrand.
Talleyrand refused to meet and sent 3 agents (XYZ).
Agents wanted a large sum of money as a tribute.
“Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute”.
Privateers launched a quasi-war against France
Adams questioned whether going to war with France was best for the country.

7. 12.4 WHAT HAPPENED: ADAMS PURSUES PEACE
Napoleon was eager to make peace with Britain and US.
Ordered an end to the seizure of
US ships.
Agreed to end 1778 alliance
with US
In exchange, Americans agreed
that France didn’t have to pay
for all the ships it had seized.
Adams left nation at peace and
with no permanent alliances to
drag us into war.

8. 12.5 DILEMMA 2: HOW SHOULD PRESIDENT JEFFERSON DEAL WITH PIRATES?
Britain began taking American sailors
to serve in the British navy.
Said they were British deserters
British warship, Leopard, fired
on American warship,
Chesapeake.
twenty-one American
sailors were killed or
wounded.

9. DILEMMA 2
PIRACY

10. DILEMMA 2 American ships faced the Barbary pirates of North Africa.
Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and
Tripoli.
Washington and Adams paid
tribute in exchange for the
safety of American ships.
The ruler of Tripoli demanded
more tribute.

11. 12.6 WHAT HAPPENED: JEFFERSON SOLVES HALF THE PROBLEM
* Jefferson sent a fleet of warships to
protect American shipping in the
Mediterranean.
* In 1815, American and European naval
forces destroyed the pirate bases.
* Jefferson tried to convince France and
Britain to leave American ships alone.
* Jefferson proposed an embargo.
* no foreign ships could enter US ports
* no American ships could leave unless
trading with other US ports
* seamen lost their jobs and merchants
lost money.

12. 12.7 DILEMMA 3: WHAT SHOULD PRESIDENT MADISON DO TO PROTECT SAILORS AND SETTLERS
Madison offered France and Britain a deal.
If you agree to stop attacking ships,
We won’t trade with your enemy.
Napoleon agreed but secretly kept
attacking ships.
British continued impressing sailors.
He began to think about abandoning
isolationism and go to war.
New England merchants would be hurt because a blockade would keep trading ships from ports.
Indians were killing settlers in the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys.
Tecumsah and the Prophet were leaders.
Southern senators “War Hawks” wanted war so that Canada could be added to the US.

13. 12.8 WHAT HAPPENED: MADISON LAUNCHES THE WAR OF 1812
BATTLES ON LAND AND SEA
Congress declared war on Britain on July 17, 1812.
On Sept. 10, 1813, Oliver Hazard Perry
defeated and captured a British fleet
on Lake Erie.
American troops couldn’t take over
Canada.
In 1814, British army burned Washington DC.
British attacked Ft. McHenry in Baltimore
harbor.

14. * British bombarded the fort.
WAR OF 1812
* British bombarded the fort.
* Francis Scott Key watched the bombardment.
* wrote the Star Spangled Banner because he
was impressed that the flag still stood.

15. Andrew Jackson defended the city of
BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS
Andrew Jackson defended the city of
New Orleans.
2,000 British soldiers killed but only 20
Americans.
Greatest American victory.
Unnecessary battle because
The Treaty of Ghent had
Been signed 2 weeks earlier.

16. Indian resistance in the Northwest weakened after Tecumseh’s death.
RESULTS OF THE WAR
Indian resistance in the Northwest weakened after Tecumseh’s death.
National pride in the United States increased.
War had political effects:
a. Federalist party never recovered.
b. War heroes, William Henry Harrison and
Andrew Jackson, would be elected president.

17. MEXICO VENEZULA & ARGENTINA
12.9 DILEMMA 4: WHAT SHOULD PRESIDENT MONROE DO TO SUPPORT THE NEW LATIN AMERICAN NATIONS?
MEXICO VENEZULA & ARGENTINA

18. LATIN AMERICA’S REVOLUTIONS
Miguel Hidalgo helped Mexico win independence from Spain in 1821.
Simon Bolivar helped Venezuela.
Jose de San Martin helped
Argentina Europe was out of Mexico
and South America by
1825.

19. 12.10 WHAT HAPPENED: THE U.S. ISSUES THE MONROE DOCTRINE
Spain wanted South America back.
Britain wanted the U.S. to help make sure that it didn’t happen.
President Monroe felt that the U.S. should stand on its own power and authority.

20. MONROE DOCTRINE
Leave the Americas to the
Americans.