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2. 2

3. Territory 3

4. Population 4

5. Government 5

6.  A government is a body that has the power to make, and the authority to enforce rules and laws 6

7. Sovereignty 7

8.  Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme political authority over a geographic region, group of people. 8

9. Question  Why are none of the 50 US states ‘states’ as defined by political scientists? 9

10. Answer  None of the states has complete sovereignty.  What can US states not do? 10

11. Origins of the State Evolutionary Theory Force Theory Divine Right Theory Social Contract Theory 11

12. Evolutionary Theory The natural development of government out of early family units Examples: Clans – made up of several related families who control conduct, movement and education Tribes - made up of representatives from several Clans to form a governing council 12

13. Evolutionary Theory 13

14. Force Theory Originated from the authority of warlords and despots who took, by force, land as their own and began exercising authority over the people living on that land. 14

15. Force Theory 15

16. Divine Right Theory It is a doctrine that teaches that a monarch owes his rule to the will of God, and not necessarily to the will of his subjects, the aristocracy or any other competing authority, implying that any attempt to depose him or to restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God. 16

17. Divine Right Theory 17

18. Social Contract Theory Legitimate state authority must be derived from the consent of the governed. People give up some rights to a government in order to receive social order. 18

19. Social Contract Theory 19

20. Social Contract Theorists Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679) John Locke (1632 – 1704) Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778) 20

21. Thomas Hobbes Leviathan (1651) People in a state of nature cede their individual rights to create sovereignty, retained by the state, in return for their protection and a more functional society. Social contract evolves out of pragmatic self-interest. 21

22. John Locke Two Treatises of Government - 1689 Believed that human nature is characterized by reason and tolerance. In a natural state all people were equal and independent, and none had a right to harm another’s “life, health, liberty, or possessions.” Advocated governmental checks and balances and believed that revolution is not only a right but an obligation in some circumstances. 22

23. Jean-Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract – 1762 State of nature was a primitive condition without law or morality. By joining together through the social contract and abandoning their claims of natural right, individuals can both preserve themselves and remain free. Opposed idea that the people should exercise sovereignty via a representative assembly. People should make the laws directly. 23

24. Separation of Powers Baron de Montesquieu (1689 – 1755) 24

25. Baron de Montesquieu The Spirit of the Laws – 1748  Argued that the executive, legislative, and judicial functions of government should be assigned to different bodies  Attempts by one branch of government to infringe on political liberty might be restrained by the other branches  Noted that liberty cannot be secure where there is no separation of powers, even in a republic 25

26. Governments Classified Political Franchise Regional Autonomy Executive Power 26

27. Political Franchise Autocracy Oligarchy Direct Democracy Representative Democracy 27

28. Autocracy A form of government in which the political power is held by a single person Variations:  Monarchy  Dictatorship  Totalitarian State 28

29. Oligarchy Form of government where political power effectively rests with a small, elite segment of society. Examples:  Sparta  South Africa before end of Apartheid 29

30. Direct Democracy A form of democracy wherein sovereignty is lodged in the assembly of all citizens who choose to participate. Direct democracy is characterized by three pillars:  Initiative  Referendum  Recall 30

31. Direct Democracy Examples –  Athenian Greece  Switzerland  United States – local state level only 31

32. Representative Democracy A form of government founded on the principles of popular sovereignty by the people's representatives. The representatives are charged with the responsibility of acting in the people's interest, but not as their proxy representatives. 32

33. Representative Democracy Examples –  Roman Republic  United States  United Kingdom 33

34. Regional Autonomy Unitary System Federation Confederation 34

35. Unitary System A unitary state is a state that is governed constitutionally as one single unit, with one legislature. The political power in such states may be transferred to lower levels, to regionally or locally elected assemblies, governors and mayors, but the central government retains the right to recall such delegated power. 35

36. Unitary System Examples –  France  People’s Republic of China  United Kingdom 36

37. Federation A federation is a union comprising a number of partially self-governing states united by a central government. In a federation, the self-governing status of the component states is typically constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of the central government. 37

38. Federation Examples –  Canada  Germany  Russia  United States 38

39. Confederation A confederation is an association of sovereign states, usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution. Confederations tend to be established for dealing with critical issues, such as defense, foreign affairs, foreign trade, and a common currency, with the central government being required to provide support for all members. 39

40. Confederation Examples –  Switzerland  United States prior to 1789  Confederate States of America (1861 – 1865) 40

41. Executive Power Parliamentary System Presidential System 41

42. Parliamentary System  Is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on support of parliament (legislature).  There is no clear-cut separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches.  Usually have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state.  The prime minister and cabinet exercise executive power on a day-to-day basis.  Actual authority is bestowed in the head of state. 42

43. Parliamentary System Examples –  Canada  Federal Republic of Germany  United Kingdom 43

44. Presidential System Also called a congressional system, is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separately from the legislature, to which it is not accountable and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it 44

45. Presidential System Examples –  Colombia  South Korea  United States 45

46. The Purpose of Government as stated in the Preamble to the Constitution  Form a more perfect Union  Establish Justice  Insure domestic Tranquility  Provide for the common defence  Promote the general Welfare  Secure the Blessings of Liberty 46