1. Strategy
Lsn 11

2. Strategy
Strategy is the pursuit, protection, or advancement of national interests through the application of the instruments of power
Instruments of power (DIME)
Diplomatic
Informational
Military
Economic

3. Strategic Formulation
National Values
National Interests
Strategic Appraisal
National Policy
National Strategy
Component Strategies
Risk Assessment

4. Strategic Formulation
Values
Represent the legal, philosophical, and moral basis for continuation of a nation’s system and provide a sense of national purpose
Interests
A nation’s perceived needs and aspirations in relation to its international environment
Strategic Appraisal
Identifies the interests the nation wishes to protect as well as the threats and challenges to those interests

5. Strategic Formulation
National Policy
A broad course of action or statement of guidance and objectives that address the promotion and protection of the nation’s interests
National Strategy
A plan to use all the elements of national power during peace and war to secure the nation’s interests
Component Strategies
Each component of the national organization (such as the military) develops its own plan to use its resources to support the national strategy

6. Strategic Formulation
Risk Assessment
Because no nation has unlimited resources with which to pursue its objectives it must make tradeoffs based on conscious decisions that entail risk
These risks must be weighed and if they are determined to be unacceptable, the strategy must be revised by…
Reducing the objectives
Changing the concepts, or
Increasing the resources

7. Strategy
Strategy is about how (way or concept) leadership will use the power (means or resources) available to the state to exercise control over sets of circumstances and geographic locations to achieve objectives (ends) that support state interests
Strategy = Ends (objectives) + Ways (course of action) + Means (instruments)
Ways to employ means to achieve ends

8. Early Cold War Example
George Kennan was a Soviet expert and director of the State Department’s Policy Planning Staff
In the July 1947 issue of Foreign Affairs he wrote an article under the pen name “Mr. X” titled “The Sources of Soviet Conduct.”
He described the USSR as being driven by an aggressive and uncompromising ideology that would stop “only when it meets some unanswerable force.” (Strategic appraisal)

9. Early Cold War Example
Kennan wrote that the US must adopt a “policy of firm containment designed to confront the Russians with unalterable counterforce at every point where they show signs of encroaching upon the interests of a peaceful and stable world.” (National policy)

10. Early Cold War Example
Overall US strategic objective was to contain communism
Diplomatic: Truman Doctrine
Informational: Radio Free Europe
Military: NATO
Economic: Marshall Plan
Radio Free Europe used balloons to carry leaflets over the Iron Curtain to provide information on RFE’s programming and messages targeted at specific events in the communist bloc countries.

11. Post- September 11 Example
On Sept 11, 2001, 19 men affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four planes and crashed two into the World Trade Towers in New York City and one into the Pentagon
The fourth plane crashed in Pennsylvania after passengers attacked the terrorists

12. Post- September 11 Example
On Sept 20, President Bush addressed the nation and declared “Our war on terror begins with al Qaeda, but it does not end there.  It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated… Our response involves far more than instant retaliation and isolated strikes.  Americans should not expect one battle, but a lengthy campaign, unlike any other we have ever seen.  It may include dramatic strikes, visible on TV, and covert operations, secret even in success….

13. Post- September 11 Example
… We will starve terrorists of funding, turn them one against another, drive them from place to place, until there is no refuge or no rest.  And we will pursue nations that provide aid or safe haven to terrorism.  Every nation, in every region, now has a decision to make. Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists.  From this day forward, any nation that continues to harbor or support terrorism will be regarded by the United States as a hostile regime.”

14. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America (2002)
champion aspirations for human dignity;
strengthen alliances to defeat global terrorism and work to prevent attacks against us and our friends;
work with others to defuse regional conflicts;
prevent our enemies from threatening us, our allies, and our friends, with weapons of mass destruction;

15. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America (2002)
ignite a new era of global economic growth through free markets and free trade;
expand the circle of development by opening societies and building the infrastructure of democracy;
develop agendas for cooperative action with other main centers of global power; and
transform America’s national security institutions to meet the challenges and opportunities of the twenty-first century.

16. US Instruments of Power in the post-September 11 Era
Diplomatic
Movement away from multilateralism to unilateral action
Informational
Increased efforts to gather, analyze, and exploit intelligence
Military
Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom
Economic
Significant increase in aid to Africa

17. Practical Exercise
National Values
National Interests
Strategic Appraisal
National Policy
National Strategy
Component Strategies
Risk Assessment
Go to the CIA World Factbook and any other source you’d like and research China
Do an abbreviated strategic formulation for China (at least one comment for each step in the process)

18. Next Instruments of Power: Diplomacy and Information
Russian Embassy, Washington, DC