2.  Sucrose  Fructose  Polyols  Generally recognized as Safe(GRAS)  Provide energy

3.  Sugars and syrups added to foods or used in food processing  Not naturally occurring as in foods like milk and fruit  The body cannot differentiate between naturally occurring and added sugars

4.  Brown sugar  Corn sweetener  Corn syrup/corn syrup solids  Dextrose  Fructose  Fruit juice concentrate  Glucose  Invert sugar  Lactose ‣ High Fructose Corn Syrup ‣ Honey ‣ Malt syrup ‣ Maltose ‣ Molasses ‣ Raw sugar ‣ Sucrose ‣ Syrup ‣ Table sugar

5.  Soft drinks  Cakes, cookies, pies  Drinks such as fruit punch and lemonade  Dairy desserts such as ice cream  Candy

6.  Scientific studies conclude that sugar does not cause hyperactivity in children  Foods high in sugar but low in nutrients provide primarily calories to the diet but alone do not promote obesity  Extra calories can contribute to weight gain  Sugar can promote tooth decay  Intake should not exceed 25% of total calories

7.  Composed of glucose and fructose  Provides 4 kcal/g  Comes from the processing of sugar cane and sugar beets  Molasses is the least refined form of sucrose

8.  Found in ◦ Honey ◦ Fruit ◦ Added to foods as High Fructose Corn Syrup  Provides 4 kcal/g

9.  Made by modifying corn starch so that it contains a higher level of fructose  Tastes sweeter than sugar  Enhances flavor, color and product stability  Money saver for manufacturers  Found mostly in foods with “empty” calories ◦ Soft drinks ◦ Fruit drinks ◦ Jams/Jellies ◦ Baked goods

10.  U.S. consumption increased from 1.5 lbs per person in 1970 to 62.7 lbs per person in 2000  Negative effect (primarily on cholesterol and triglyceride levels)seen at intake levels of 20- 40% of total calories which is not typical  More research is needed

11.  Do not promote tooth decay  Not fully absorbed  Low glycemic response  Lower in calories – 2 kcal/g  Possible prebiotic effect – may serve as “food” for bacteria in the colon  May cause diarrhea and/or GI distress in large amounts  Often combined with non-nutritive sweeteners

12.  Sorbitol  Mannitol  Xylitol  Erythritol  D-Tagatose  Isomalt  Lactitol  Maltitol  Trehalose  Hydrogenated Starch Hydrolysates

13.  Do not provide energy (calories)  Often combined with bulking agents ◦ Polydextrose ◦ Maltodextrin ◦ Polysaccharide polyols  Do not immediately impact blood glucose or insulin levels ◦ Can have an effects ~3-4 hours later  Do not promote tooth decay

14.  Sucralose ◦ Splenda  Aspartame ◦ Nutrasweet, Equal, Sugar Twin  Neotame  Acesulfame-K ◦ Sunett, Sweet & Safe, Sweet One  Saccharin ◦ Sweet’n Low, Sweet Twin, Necta  Stevia (Reb A) ◦ TruVia, PureVia  Brazzein ◦ Cweet(not yet approved)

15.  How is it made?  What are the properties of the sweetener?  How much will be consumed?  Is the sweetener safe?  Does it cause adverse effects to individuals, or their offspring?

16.  Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) = the amount per kilogram of body weight that a person can safely consume every day for a lifetime without risk  ADI usually reflects the amount 100x less than the maximum level at which no effect occurred in animal studies

17.  Made from sugar; chlorine is added which is present naturally in many foods  Safety proven in over 110 studies over 20 years  Safe for adults, children, pregnant and nursing mothers  Has no effect on blood glucose levels  Does not promote tooth decay  Heat stable

18.  Composed of amino acids, phenylalanine, and methanol which are found naturally in foods  Safety proven in over 200 studies over 30 years in over 100 countries  Safe for adults, children and pregnant and nursing mothers  Must be avoided by those with PKU – a rare genetic disease  No scientific basis for allegations relating aspartame to leukemia, lymphoma, or brain cancer  Allergic reactions not supported in double blind studies

19.  95% is excreted in urine; therefore, no impact from potassium(K)  Heat stable  Little added to foods as it is intensely sweet  Often used in combination with other sweeteners

20.  In 2000 it was removed from the list of potential carcinogens  Heat stable  Limited to 12 mg/oz

21.  Partially absorbed  Methanol is a by-product  Phenylalanine is not significant enough to require a restriction in PKU patients

22.  Recently made the GRAS list based upon 95% purity  Part of the Stevia leaf  Licorice flavor  No calorie sweetener

23.  Derived from an African plant  Heat stable  Water soluble

24.  Safe for children and pregnant women  May provide calorie/energy savings and aide in improving diet quality  Safe for people with diabetes  Do not promote cavities  No associations with mood or behavior changes have been validated