2. Liver Transplant Pierre Png and Andrea De Cruz
Liver donated will be regenerated by the body

3. Assimilation Transport and use of absorbed food by body cells
What is protoplasm?
Part of the cell that is enclosed within a plasma membrane
Protoplasm is composed of a mixture of small molecules such as ions, amino acids, monosaccharides and water, and macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and polysaccharides as well as organelles. In eukaryotes the protoplasm surrounding the cell nucleus is known as the cytoplasm and that inside the nucleus as the nucleoplasm. In prokaryotes the material inside the plasma membrane is the bacterial cytoplasm, while in gram-negative bacteria the region outside the plasma membrane but inside the outer membrane is the periplasm.
Transport and use of absorbed food by body cells
Food substances are converted to new protoplasm and used to provide energy.

4. After a hearty meal…. in pancreas Recap 4:
How are sugars (from carbohydrates) transported and utilized
Blood in the villi is rich in simple sugars after absorption
Blood capillaries  larger blood vessels large veins (hepatic portal veins)
Hepatic portal vein transports the sugar to the liver. In the liver, absorbed sugars (glucose) are converted to glycogen and stored.
Glucose is transported by the blood leaving the liver – distributed around the body.
Glucose - used by all the cells as a source of energy – oxidised during tissue respiration to release energy

5. When you are fasting…
in pancreas

6. Amino acid as the building blocks for proteins
Protein formation
Amino acid as the building blocks for proteins
amino acids
Polypeptides
weak bonds
protein

7. Deamination of amino acid
Mention that ammonia is toxic to the body.
There are 20 essential amino acids in our body, needed to build up/ produce proteins.
Removal of water molecules in our body – condensation reaction. To create long chains of polypeptides/ proteins.

8. What are we going to learn today?
The 6 important functions of the liver!

9. What are the functions of the Liver?
Regulation of blood glucose concentration
Protein synthesis
Metabolism (deamination) of amino acid
Iron storage

10. Iron storage
Worn-out red blood cells – destroyed in spleen (a gland found near the liver).
Liver breaks down the hemoglobin and stores the iron.
Bile pigments are also formed from the breakdown of haemoglobin.

11.  Locate the spleen !  liver stomach spleen gall bladder pancreas
duodenum
kidney
small intestines

12. What are the functions of the Liver?
Regulation of blood glucose concentration
Protein synthesis
Metabolism (deamination) of amino acid
Iron storage
Production of bile

13. How about fatty acids and glycerol??
Liver secretes bile salts.

14. Fatty acid R
COOH
It has an acidic group (-COOH) linked to a long hydrocarbon chain denoted by R.

15. How are fatty acids are transported?
Fatty acids and glycerol recombines and
diffuse into
lymph vessels
How are fatty acids are transported?
Lymphatic system
Circulatory system
Lymph – colourless liquid, mixed wif fats – chyle – milky fluid
All parts of body
Liver – sugars are converted into glycogen and stored
Recombines/synthesis to give triglycerides  chylomicrons  exocytose  diffuse into the lacteals
Do not diffuse into the blood capillaries because of the structural differences between the two vessels.
Capillaries have a basement membrane (outer layer of polysaccharides) that prevents chylomicrons from entering. However, lymph vessels do not have this barrier.
Liver 15

16. How are fatty acids (from fats) utilized?
least to be broken down
converted by the liver, to forms that can be oxidised and stored
used to build protoplasm (e.g. in cell membrane)
******Fat and liver cells can synthesize and store triglycerides. When the body requires fatty acids as an energy source, the hormone glucagon signals the breakdown of the triglycerides by hormone-sensitive lipase to release free fatty acids. As the brain cannot utilize fatty acids as an energy source (unless converted to a ketone), the glycerol component of triglycerides can be converted into glucose, via gluconeogenesis (takes place in liver), for brain fuel when it is broken down. Fat cells may also be broken down for that reason, if the brain's needs ever outweigh the body's.
Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids.
Lymphatic capillaries  lymphatic vessels  circulatory system (bloodstream) and liver
Fats are the least to be broken down, they are used to build protoplasm (e.g. in cell membrane)
They are used to provide energy when glucose is really low (e.g. fasting)
Excess fats are stored in adipose tissues.
Peter from family guy  16

17. adipocytes
adipocytes

18. What are the functions of the Liver?
Regulation of blood glucose concentration
Protein synthesis
Metabolism (deamination) of amino acid
Iron storage
Production of bile
Detoxification (breakdown of alcohol)

19. Detoxification
Is the process where harmful substances are converted into harmless ones
Alcohol is broken down by alcohol dehydrogenase (an enzyme) to give acetaldehyde (a compound)
Acetaldehyde can be broken down further during respiration to provide energy for cellular activities
Ethanol -> acetaldehyde -> increase NADH
Increases pyruvic acid -> lactic acid
Synthesis of lipids/ fatty acids
Electron transport chain  synthesize ATP (energy) 19

21. Class Activity

22. Effects of excessive consumption of Alcohol.
Nervous system
Addictive ( strong desire to drink alcohol)
Depressant (slow down function of the brain
loss of muscular control, slow down reaction time and poor judgment  high accident rates in drunk drivers
reduced self-control
unconsciousness

23. Effects of excessive consumption of Alcohol.
Stomach ulcer
Alcohol stimulates secretion of acid in stomach and causes irritation of its wall

24. Effects of excessive consumption of Alcohol.
Circulatory system
Dilation of blood capillaries under the skin:
more blood flows to skin
Causes heart related diseases

25. Effects of excessive consumption of Alcohol.
Social effects
Neglect family and work
Create family and financial problems
Increases crime rates
Becomes aggressive and violent

26. Effects of excessive consumption of Alcohol.
Liver damage
Liver cirrhosisliver cells destroyed and replaced by fibrous tissue
Not enough healthy liver cells for function.
Hardening of the liver
Leads to death

28. Healthy Liver Unhealthy Liver
Fats (triglycerides) accumulated in the liver cells (hepatocytes).
Fatty acids are oxidized to acetyl CoA in the mitochondria using the fatty acid spiral. The acetyl CoA is then ultimately converted into ATP, CO2, and H2O using the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain.
Fatty acids are synthesized from carbohydrates and occasionally from proteins. Actually, the carbohydrates and proteins have first been catabolized into acetyl CoA. Depending upon the energy requirements, the acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle or is used to synthesize fatty acids in a process known as LIPOGENESIS.
Normal Liver -----Liver Inflammation-- Liver Cirrhosis--- Alcoholic Fatty Liver 28

29. Functions of the Liver Regulation of blood glucose concentration
Protein synthesis
Metabolism (deamination) of amino acid
Production of bile
Iron storage
Detoxification (breakdown of alcohol)

30. Thus, the Liver remains the…
Largest and most important metabolic organ in the body!

31. End.

32. Have we learnt? INGESTION DIGESTION ABSORPTION ASSIMILATION EGESTION
Taking in food
Breakdown of complex
food substances to
soluble food substances
DIGESTION
ABSORPTION
Digested food diffuses
into bloodstream
ASSIMILATION
Transport and use of
absorbed food by body cells
EGESTION
Removal of undigested food

33. 7-Year-Old Girl Has Six Organs Removed for Tumor Surgery
Doctor (Surgeon)
Dr. Tomoaki Kato
New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital
Patient:
Heather McNarama
Auto-transplant
Auto-transplantation is the transplantation of tissue from one part of the body to another in the same individual.

34. What is your view about legalizing organ transplant?

35. Class activity

37. Main Function of the liver