1. Lesson Overview
13.1 RNA

2. The Role of RNA sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose
How does RNA differ from DNA?
sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose
(2) RNA is generally single-stranded and not double-
stranded
(3) RNA contains uracil (U) in place of thymine (T)

3. Comparing RNA and DNA
RNA copies info from DNA and can take that info OUTSIDE of the nucleus safely
Job of RNA is to assemble amino acids into proteins

4. Functions of RNA
The three main types of RNA are messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA)

5. Messenger RNA
The RNA molecules that carry copies of DNA instructions are known as messenger RNA (mRNA)

6. Ribosomal RNA
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - makes up the ribosome (where mRNA gets “read”)

7. Transfer RNA
transfer RNA (tRNA) – carries (transfers) each amino acid to the ribosome

8. Transcription Using template from DNA to make RNA
Takes place in nucleus
Makes single strand of RNA
Uracil (U) is paired up with adenine (A)

9. Transcription THREE MAJOR STEPS:
1. INITIATION – RNA polymerase attaches to promoter region and unwinds DNA
2. ELONGATION – RNA polymerase adds bases (A, U, C, G) to make transcript
3. TERMINATION – transcript reaches termination site and is released

10. Transcription
Transcription requires an enzyme, known as RNA polymerase, that is similar to DNA polymerase/helicase
- unwinds DNA strands and pairs up bases

11. RNA Editing Sometimes RNA needs to be modified (edited)
INTRONS – portions of RNA that are cut out and discarded
EXONS - The remaining pieces thjat are put back together

12. 13.2 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
Lesson Overview
13.2 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

13. The Genetic Code The transcript contains a code for making proteins
The first step in decoding genetic messages is to transcribe a nucleotide base sequence from DNA to RNA
The transcript contains a code for making proteins

14. The Genetic Code
Proteins are made by joining amino acids together into long chains, called polypeptides.
As many as 20 different amino acids are commonly found in polypeptides.

15. The Genetic Code Each three-letter “word” in mRNA = codon
A codon consists of three consecutive bases that specify a single amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain

16. How to Read Codons
Because there are four different bases in RNA, there are 64 possible three-base codons (4 × 4 × 4 = 64) in the genetic code

17. Start and Stop Codons
The codon AUG serves as the START codon for protein synthesis.
After AUG, mRNA is read until it reaches one of three different “stop” codons

18. Translation
The decoding of an mRNA message into a protein is a process known as translation
Happens at the ribosome (in cytosol/cytoplasm)

19. Steps in Translation
1. ribosome attaches to an mRNA molecule in the cytoplasm

20. Steps in Translation
2. ribosome reads each codon of mRNA, and directs tRNA to bring the specified amino acid into the ribosome

21. Steps in Translation
3. the ribosome then attaches each amino acid to the growing chain (attaching them together by PEPTIDE bonds

22. Steps in Translation
4. The polypeptide chain continues to grow until the ribosome reaches a “stop” codon on the mRNA molecule

23. Steps in Translation
Each tRNA molecule carries just one kind of amino acid
In addition, each tRNA molecule has three unpaired bases, collectively called the anticodon—which is complementary to one mRNA codon

24. The Molecular Basis of Heredity
The central dogma of molecular biology is that information is transferred from DNA to RNA to protein