1. DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis All illustrations in this presentation were obtained from Google.com Replication Cell Division

2. DNA Scientists

3. Who tried to find the genetic material but Failed? Instead he found TRANSFORMATION. This scientist injected mice with heat killed disease bacteria and live good bacteria and the mice died of pneumonia.

4. Griffith “F” for failing to find genetic material! He found He found that good bacteria are changed into bad bacteria with transfer of some “factor.”

5. Who actually found DNA was the “factor” that caused good bacteria to change into bad bacteria by testing each of the 4 macromolecules ? (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

6. Avery Remember: Avery got an “A” for finding DNA; the factor that causes transformation

7. Who used X-rays to determine what DNA really looked like? Hint: This scientist died from too much radiation 

8. Rosalind Franklin You may see this picture on the SOL!

9. Who discovered the shape of the DNA molecule and was awarded the Nobel Prize?

10. Watson & Crick Double Helix DNA Model

11. Who used radioactive bacteriophages (viruses) to confirm the genetic material being transferred was DNA? Bacteriophage (Virus) Bacteria Cell Capsid (protein coat of virus)

12. Hershey & Chase Bacteriophages chase after bacteria to inject their DNA for infection and replication. Real Picture of a Bacteriophage DNA

13. Who found: % of Adenine = % Thymine % Cytosine = % Guanine What is this rule called?

14. CHARGAFF Chargoff’s Rule of BASE PAIRING!

15. A, T, C, G Which ones are purines? Which are pyrimidines?

16. Hint: You “Pee Urine” (Purine) in an outhouse attached to the main house Out- house House Hint: Cystine and Thymine have “y” in their names like Pyrimidine

17. What does DNA stand for ?

18. DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

19. What is the shape of the DNA molecule called?

20. DOUBLE HELIX 2 sides like a ladder

21. What is DNA’s function?

22. DNA carries the genetic code to make proteins from amino acids

23. Sugar’s Name? What is the name of the sugar that is in DNA (nucleotide)?

24. Deoxyribose What is the name of the sugar that is in DNA (nucleotide)?

25. What is the difference between the DNA in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

26. What is the difference between the DNA in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes? Cytoplasm

27. What are the specific structures that carry the genetic code found in the nucleus?

28. Chromosomes

29. Name the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide (building block = monomer)

31. Why is DNA Replication important?

32. Must have 2 identical strands of DNA Cell Division!

33. List the steps of DNA replication:

34. 1.DNA unzips (opens up) 2.DNA Polymerase (enzyme) attaches to the DNA and adds complimentary bases (A,T,C,G) to make new sides of DNA 3.Two identical strands of DNA are created (S phase of cell cycle) http://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=zdDkiRw1PdU&list=PL1 1819901C1D3513D Hyperlink to video if access to internet

35. An original strand of DNA has these nitrogen bases C G G T A T G A T 1. What are the complimentary bases for the new DNA strand after replication? 2. What bond holds the nitrogen bases together to form the “steps of the ladder”?

36. C G G T A T G A T Original strand l l l l l l l l l G C C A T A C T A New strand Hydrogen Bonds

37. What is the protein that DNA wraps around to coil up?

38. Histone

39. List 3 Similarities and 3 Differences DNA RNA Similarities Both are Nucleic Acids Sugar Phosphate Backbones A, C, G Nitrogen Bases Differences Deoxyribose SugarRibose Sugar Thymine Uracil Double HelixSingle Strand

40. List 3 Similarities and 3 Differences MUST KNOW THIS! DNA RNA Similarities Both are Nucleic Acids Sugar - Phosphate Backbones A, C, G nitrogen Bases Differences Deoxyribose SugarRibose Sugar Thymine base Uracil base Double HelixSingle Strand

41. Strawberry DNA Extraction Lab Why did we use… 1.Soap? 2.Salt? 3.Meat tenderizer? 4.Cold alcohol?

42. Strawberry DNA Extraction Lab Why did we use… 1.Soap: Breaks down lipid cell and nuclear membranes 2.Salt: Neutralizes + and - charges 3.Meat tenderizer: Breaks down the protein (Histones) that DNA wraps around 4.Cold alcohol: Precipitates out DNA

43. RNA What must you remember about RNA?

44. RNA Uracil base Hint: RNA loves “U”

45. Name the 3 different types of RNA and function of each

46. mRNA- messenger RNA - brings genetic code for proteins out of DNA to ribosome (like a recipe) tRNA – transfer RNA - brings amino acids to ribosomes (like a sous chef bringing ingredients to chef) rRNA – ribosomal RNA- (ribosome) makes the protein (like the chef) mRNA rRNA tRNA

47. What does RNA stand for? RNA

48. What does RNA stand for ? Ribonucleic Acid

49. What is the purpose of RNA? RNA

50. What is the purpose of RNA? To make PROTEINS!!! RNA

51. Where is RNA found?

52. CYTOPLASM

53. What is the whole process of making proteins that includes transcription & translation called?

54. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

55. What is the process called going from DNA to RNA? List the steps of this process.

56. DNA → RNA is called… “TRANSCRIPTION” 1.In the NUCLEUS, DNA unzips 2.RNA Polymerase binds to DNA 3.RNA Polymerase reads DNA’s nitrogen bases and makes and edits mRNA 4.mRNA goes out to cytoplasm through the pores

57. When RNA Polymerase is editing the mRNA during transcription, What is kept in the mRNA? What is edited (cut) out?

58. Bad – get rid of it! Good - keep!

59. What is the process going from RNA to Protein called? List the steps for this process.

60. RNA → Protein is called… “TRANSLATION” (comes LATer) 1.In the CYTOPLASM, rRNA attaches to mRNA 2.rRNA reads mRNA beginning at the AUG “START codon” 3.Each tRNA brings 1 amino acid to ribosome that has an anti-codon to mRNA codon until it reads a “STOP” codon 4.Amino acids join to form polypeptide (amino acid) chain which is PROTEIN

61. What is the 3 base code on the mRNA called?

62. Codon What is the 3 base code on the mRNA called?

63. What is the 3 base code on the tRNA called?

64. Anti-codon What is the 3 base code on the tRNA called?

65. How many amino acids are there? How many different codons code for those amino acids?

66. How many amino acids are there? 20 How many different codons code for those amino acids? 64 Remember: Each tRNA only brings 1 amino acid to the ribosome 1 codon = 1 amino acid 3 nitrogen bases = 1 codon

67. Can you Translate this? A U G U G C G U C U A A

69. What is a gene mutation? Not a real picture

70. Change in nucleotide sequence

71. What kind of DNA mutations are these? Name each type 1 2 3

72. What kind of DNA mutations are these? GENE MUTATIONS Name each type Substitution (Point Mutation) Insertion (Frame shift) Deletion (Frame shift) Substitution Point Mutation Insertion Frame shift Mutation Deletion Frame shift Mutation

73. Name all types of chromosomal mutations

74. Types of Chromosomal Mutations

75. Which one of these is not a gene mutation? Substitution? Deletion ? Insertion? Inversion? Picture shows a gene mutation in mice

76. Substitution = Point Mutation (gene) Deletion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene) Insertion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene) Inversion = Chromosomal Mutation I bet he can catch 3x more flies! Haha

77. What genes control the basic plan for where tissues and organs go in an embryo (organism)?

78. Hox Genes Not a real picture!

79. Keep studying until you can answer every questions correctly…