1. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Chapter 1: Introduction Dr. Mogeeb Moslehh Date: 15 March 2014 Saturday (9.00-1.00pm) SE3 Lecture Room: 405

2. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE History Started as a Perl hack in 1994 by Rasmus Lerdorf (to handle his resume), developed to PHP/FI 2.0 By 1997 up to PHP 3.0 with a new parser engine by Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans Version 5.2.4 is current version, rewritten by Zend (www.zend.com) to include a number of features, such as an object model Current is version 5 php is one of the premier examples of what an open source project can be

3. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Why php?..there are no. of server side scripting available like ASP, SSJS, JSP….. PHP involves –simplicity in scripting (..generally using the database) –platform independence. PHP is –primarily designed for web applications –well optimized for the response times needed for web applications Is an open source.

4. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE 4 PHP Overview PHP Hypertext Preprocessor. –Other Names : Personal Home Page, Professional Home Page PHP is a server-side scripting language whose scripts are embedded in HTML documents Is a server side scripting language. –Capable of generating the HTML pages HTML generates the web page with the static text and images. However the need evolved for dynamic web based application, mostly involving database usage.

5. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE 5 Installing Software Install a Web server –http://httpd.apache.org/ Install PHP –http://www.php.net/downloads.php Install MySQL –http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/ Portable WAMP server –http://www.uniformserver.com/http://www.uniformserver.com/ NetBeans IDE: Quickly and easily develop desktop, mobile and web applications with Java, HTML5, PHP, C/C++ and more

6. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Installation Options XAMPP: is a very easy to install package for (Linux- Windows- Apple). http://www.apachefriends.org/http://www.apachefriends.org/ Apache, MySQL, PHP, Perl, and many more. WampServer will install Apache, PHP5 and MySQL on your Windows. http://www.wampserver.com/ ZendFramework: - the most popular framework for modern, high performance php application. (http://www.zend.com/) –Modular - Extensible –High Performing - Secure 6

7. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Zend Framework the most popular framework for modern, high performance php application. (http://www.zend.com/) –Modular - Extensible –High Performing - Secure Zend provides Zend engine for PHP for free They provide other products and services for a fee –Server side caching and other optimizations –Encoding in Zend's intermediate format to protect source code –IDE-a developer's package with tools to make life easier Zend's web site is a great resource

8. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE PHP 5 Architecture Zend engine as parser (Andi Gutmans and Zeev Suraski) SAPI is a web server abstraction layer PHP components now self contained (ODBC, Java, LDAP, etc.) This structure is a good general design for software (compare to OSI model, and middleware applications) image from http://www.zend.com/zend/art/intro.php

9. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE 9 Understanding Binary and Source Code Installations Binary format (or binaries) refer to compiled files, such as executable installation programs Source code is the original programming code in which an application was written Source code must be compiled, or processed, and assembled into an executable format before it is used Compiled programs only need to be recompiled when their code changes

10. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE 10 Installing and Configuring a Web Server Apache is the most popular Web server software used on the Internet Microsoft IIS for Windows is the second most popular server software In Windows, a service refers to a program that performs a specific function to support other programs. Install NetBeans Software.

11. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE 11 Testing Your Web Server 1.Open your Web browser 2.Type http://localhost/ in the Address box, click Enter Apache’s default Web page

12. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE 12 Testing Your Web Server (continued) 3.Type http://127.0.0.1/ in the Address box, click Enter Web page informing you that IIS is running

13. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE 13 Configuring Apache To configure ports and other settings you must edit the httpd.conf file For UNIX/Linux –/usr/local/apache2/conf For Windows –C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache2\conf Lines that begin with the pound sign (#) are informational comments Lines without pound signs contain directives

14. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE 14 Configuring Apache (continued) httpd.conf Directives define information about how a program should be configured The DocumentRoot directive identifies the default directory from where Apache serves Web pages The Alias directive identifies other directories that Apache can use to serve Web pages

15. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE 15 Configuring Internet Information Services Default Web Site Properties dialog box

16. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE 16 Configuring Apache for PHP on Windows 1.Click the Start menu and point to All Programs 2.Select the Edit the Apache httpd.config Configuration File command 3.Add the following to the end of the file: ScriptAlias /PHP/ “C:/PHP/” AddType application/x-httpd-php.php Action application/x-httpd-php “/PHP/php-cgi.exe” 4.Save and close the httpd.conf file 5.Restart Apache and select the Restart command

17. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE 17 Configuring PHP The php.ini configuration file

18. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE 18 Testing the MySQL Server 1.Check to see if MySQL is running For UNIX/Linux systems: /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql & For Windows, use the Services window 2.Run the mysqladmin version command For UNIX/Linux systems: /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin version For Windows, change to the C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1\bin\ directory and run: mysqladmin version

19. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE 19 Configuring the Uniform Server –php.ini is located in: \UniServer\usr\local\php –httpd.conf is located in: \UniServer\usr\local\apache2\conf –my is located in: \UniServer\usr\local\mysql

20. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE 20 Creating Basic PHP Scripts Embedded language refers to code that is embedded within a Web page (XHTML document) PHP code is typed directly into a Web page as a separate section A Web page document containing PHP code must have an extension of.php PHP code is never sent to a client’s Web browser. The Web page generated from the PHP code, and HTML or XHTML elements found within the PHP file, is returned to the client A PHP file that does not contain any PHP code should have an.html extension.php is the default extension that most Web servers use to process PHP scripts

21. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE PHP Block There are four different ways to embed the PHP code – – echo(“Some PHP code”); – Code declaration blocks are separate sections within a Web page that are interpreted by the scripting engine PHP code block is embedded within the tags. When the server encounters the PHP tags it switches from the HTML to PHP mode. There are four types of code declaration blocks: –Standard PHP script delimiters –The element –Short PHP script delimiters –ASP-style script delimiters

22. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE 22 Standard PHP Script Delimiters A delimiter is a character or sequence of characters used to mark the beginning and end of a code segment The standard method of writing PHP code declaration blocks is to use the script delimiters The individual lines of code that make up a PHP script are called statements The Element: –The element identifies a script section in a Web page document –Assign a value of "php" to the language attribute of the element to identify the code block as PHP

23. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Basic PHP Script Basic PHP Page This is standard HTML. <?php ?>

24. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Running a PHP Script Must have a PHP-enabled Web server (e.g., Apache) Place the PHP script in the Web directory Access the file in your browser through a URL (http…)

25. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Sending Data to the Browser echo 'Hello, world!'; echo "What's new?"; print 'Hello, world!'; print "What's new?";

26. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Sending Data to the Browser Using Echo This is standard HTML. <?php echo 'This was generated using PHP!'; ?>

27. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Sending HTMLto the Browser Hello, World! <?php echo ' Hello, world ! '; ?>

28. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Parse Errors

29. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE 29 Defining Constants A constant contains information that does not change during the course of program execution Constant names do not begin with a dollar sign Constant names use all uppercase letters Use the define() function to create a constant define("CONSTANT_NAME", value); define("VOTING_AGE",18); define("VOTING_AGE",18,TRUE); The value you pass to the define() function can be a text string, number, or Boolean value...values that never changes defined() function says whether the constant exists or not.

30. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE 30 Working with Data Types A data type is the specific category of information that a variable contains Data types that can be assigned only a single value are called primitive types

31. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE PHP Data Type & Primitives Four scalar types: Boolean, integer, double, and string Two compound types: array and object Two special types: resource and NULL Integer & double are like those of other languages Boolean -values are true and false (case insensitive) PHP is an untyped language –variables type can change on the fly.

32. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE PHP Variables The variables in PHP are declared by appending the $ sign to the variable name. –For e.g $company = “NCST”; $sum = 10.0; variable’s data type is changed by the value that is assigned to the variable. Type casting allows to change the data type explicitly. Rich set of functions for working with variable. –For e.g gettype, settype, isset, unset, is_int, intval etc etc

33. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE 33 Working with Data Types The PHP language supports: –A resource data type – a special variable that holds a reference to an external resource such as a database or XML file –Reference or composite data types, which contain multiple values or complex types of information –Two reference data types: arrays and objects Language type Strongly typed programming languages require you to declare the data types of variables Static or strong typing refers to data types that do not change after they have been declared Loosely typed programming languages do not require you to declare the data types of variables Dynamic or loose typing refers to data types that can change after they have been declared

34. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE 34 Numeric Data Types PHP supports two numeric data types: An integer is a positive or negative number with no decimal places (-250, 2, 100, 10,000) A floating-point number is a number that contains decimal places or that is written in exponential notation (-6.16, 3.17, 2.7541) –Exponential notation, or scientific notation, is short for writing very large numbers or numbers with many decimal places (2.0e11)

35. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE 35 Boolean Values A Boolean value is a value of true or false It decides which part of a program should execute and which part should compare data In PHP programming, you can only use true or false In other programming languages, you can use integers such as 1 = true, 0 = false

36. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE 36 Dynamic Typing $Variable = "Hello World"; $Variable = 8; $Variable = 5.367; $Variable = TRUE; $Variable = NULL;

37. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE PHP Operators All the operators such as arithmetic, assignment, Comparison, and logical operators are similar to the operators in C and C++. In PHP the string concatenation operator is denoted by ‘.’. –For e.g. $name = “My name is”.$myname;

38. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Syntactic Characteristics PHP code can be specified in an HTML document internally or externally: Internally: Externally: include ("myScript.inc") –the file can have both PHP and HTML –If the file has PHP, the PHP must be in <?php.. ?

39. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Syntactic Characteristics Every variable name begins with a $ –Case sensitive Comments -three different kinds (Java and Perl) – //... –#... –/*... */ PHP statements terminated with ; Compound statements are formed with braces Compound statements cannot define locally scoped variables (except functions)

40. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Reserved words of PHP

41. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Arithmetic & Assignment Operators Pre- and Post-Increment and Decrement --, ++

42. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Comparison Operators

43. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Logical Operators

44. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Output Output from a PHP script is HTML that is sent to the browser HTML is sent to the browser through standard output There are three ways to produce output: echo, print, and printf Echo and print take a string, but will coerce other values to strings echo “Hello there!"; echo(“Hello there!”); echo $sum; print "Welcome!"; print(“Wellcome”); print (46);

45. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Writing Comments <?php # Single line PHP comment. // Another type of single line PHP comment /* This is a comment that can go over multiple lines. */

46. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Variable Types Boolean Integer Floating point String Array Objects Resources Null

47. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Variable Names Start with a $ Contain only letters, numbers, and the underscore The first character after the $ cannot be a number Are case-sensitive Use a consistent naming scheme!

48. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Printing Variables print $some_var; print "Hello, $name"; print 'Hello, $name'; // Won't work!

49. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE String Values 'Tobias' "In watermelon sugar" '100' 'August 2, 2011'

50. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Creating and Using Strings $first_name = 'Tobias'; $today = 'August 2, 2011'; $var = "Define \"platitude\", please."; $var = 'Define "platitude", please.'; echo $first_name; echo "Hello, $first_name";

51. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Performing Concatenation $city= 'Seattle'; $state = 'Washington'; $address = $city. ', '. $state; // Or: $city= 'Seattle'; $state = 'Washington'; $address = $city; $address.= ', '; $address.= $state;

52. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Numeric Values 8 3.14 10823479 -4.29048 4.4e2

53. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Creating and Using Numbers $n = 3.14; $n = round ($n); // 3 $n = 3.142857; $n = round ($n, 3); // 3.143 $n = 20943; $n = number_format ($n); // 20,943 $n = 20943; $n = number_format ($n, 2); // 20,943.00

54. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Performing Arithmetic <?php # Script 1.8 - numbers.php // Set the variables: $quantity = 30; // Buying 30 widgets. $price = 119.95; $taxrate =.05; // 5% sales tax. // Calculate the total: $total = $quantity * $price; $total = $total + ($total * $taxrate); // Calculate and add the tax. // Format the total: $total = number_format ($total, 2); // Print the results: echo ' You are purchasing '. $quantity. ' widget(s) at a cost of $'. $price. ' each. With tax, the total comes to $'. $total. '. '; ?>

55. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Creating and Using Constants define ('NAME', value); define ('USERNAME', 'troutocity'); define ('PI', 3.14); echo "Hello, USERNAME"; // Won't work! echo 'Hello, '. USERNAME;

56. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Quotation Marks $var = 'test'; echo "var is equal to $var"; echo 'var is equal to $var'; echo "\$var is equal to $var"; echo '\$var is equal to $var'

57. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Escape Sequences CodeMeaning \"Double quotation mark \'Single quotation mark \\Backslash \nNewline \rCarriage return \tTab \$Dollar sign

58. LEARN THE QUICK AND EASY WAY! VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE Basic Debugging Always run PHP scripts through a URL Know the version of PHP you’re using Enable display_errors Check the HTML source code Trust the error message Take a break!