1. Sem1/
Physical Development

2. Physical Development in Early Childhood
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Physical Development in Early Childhood

3. Handedness Preference of using one hand over the other.
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Preference of using one hand over the other.
Begins as early as 1 year and strengthens; evident at age 3.
Left hemisphere of the brain which controls the right side of the body is more dominant – right handedness.
Right hemisphere dominates – left handed.
90% are right-handed
Is it genetic?

4. Helping Young Children Sleep
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Helping Young Children Sleep
Regular bed time
Early enough for hours of sleep
Special pajamas
No TV or computer games before bed
Bedtime ritual
Respond firmly but gently
to bedtime resistance
No sleeping medication

5. Nutrition in Early Childhood
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Appetite becomes unpredictable
Like familiar foods
Need high-quality diet
Social environment influences food choices
Imitate admired people
Repeated exposure to foods
Emotional climate,parental pressure
Poverty

6. Factors Related to Childhood Injuries
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Factors Related to Childhood Injuries
Individual Differences
Gender
Temperament
Poverty, low parental education
More children in the home
Societal conditions
International differences

7. Motor Skill Development in Early Childhood
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Motor Skill Development in Early Childhood
Gross Motor Skills
Walking, running smoother
Catching, throwing, swinging, riding
Fine Motor Skills
Self-help: dressing, eating
Drawing

8. Artistic Development Rhoda Kellog:
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Rhoda Kellog:
examined children under 6 years old.
Found universal progression of changes (reflecting brain and muscles maturation).
Scribbles: during 2nd year
Age 3 – draw shapes (circle, square, rectangle, crosses, X) …. Combine shapes into more complex figures.
Pictorial stage (age 4 to 5 years)
Progression from abstract form and design to depicting real objects --- reflects cognitive development of representational ability.

9. Artistic Development First Representational Forms
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First Representational Forms
Label already-made drawings:
around age 3
Draw boundaries and people:
3–4 years
More Realistic Drawings: preschool to school age
Early Printing: Ages 3–5

10. Development of Children’s Drawing
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Development of Children’s Drawing

11. Development of Printing in Early Childhood
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Development of Printing in Early Childhood
Up to Age 3
Scribbles
Varied pencil grips
Around Age 4
“Drawing print”
Between Ages 4 and 6
Gradually realize writing stands for language, identify individual letters
Adult pencil grip by age 5

12. Variations in 3-Year-Olds’ Pencil Grip
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Variations in 3-Year-Olds’ Pencil Grip

13. Individual Differences in Motor Skills
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Individual Differences in Motor Skills
Body Build
Taller, longer limbed better at running and jumping
Sex
Boys: better at power
and force
Girls: fine motor skills, balance, foot movement

14. Enhancing Early Childhood Motor Development
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Enhancing Early Childhood Motor Development
Mastered through everyday play
Formal lessons have little impact
Daily routines support fine motor development
Provide appropriate play space and equipment
Promote fun and positive attitude

15. Physical Development in Middle Childhood
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Physical Development in Middle Childhood .
Please add photo of Book Cover

16. Body Growth in Middle Childhood
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Body Growth in Middle Childhood
Slow, regular pattern
Girls shorter and lighter until about age 9
Lower portion of body growing fastest
Bones lengthen
Muscles very flexible
All permanent teeth arrive

17. Middle Childhood Growth Worldwide
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Middle Childhood Growth Worldwide
Shortest children:
South America, Asia, Pacific Islands, parts of Africa
Tallest children:
North & central Europe, Australia, Canada, U.S.
Secular trend in industrialized countries toward larger and heavier children

18. Common Health Problems in Middle Childhood
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Common Health Problems in Middle Childhood
Vision – Myopia
Hearing – Otitis media (middle ear infection)
Malnutrition
Obesity
Bedwetting
Illnesses
Injuries

19. Causes of Myopia Genetics Early biological trauma Experience
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Causes of Myopia
Genetics
Myopic parents
Asian heritage
Early biological trauma
Low birth weight
Experience
Reading & close work
Computer use

20. Nutrition Problems in Middle Childhood
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Nutrition Problems in Middle Childhood
Little focus on eating
Fewer meals with family
Too few fruits and vegetables
Too many fried foods
and soft drinks
Poverty and lack of
nutritional food

21. Causes of Obesity in Middle Childhood
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Causes of Obesity in Middle Childhood
Overweight parents
Early rapid growth or malnutrition
Low SES
Family eating habits
Response to food cues
Low physical activity
Television

22. Risks for Obese Children
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More likely to be overweight adults
Health risks
Blood pressure, cholesterol
Respiratory problems
Diabetes
Liver, gall bladder
Cancer
Psychological risks
Feeling unattractive
Stereotyping and teasing
Depression
Problem behaviors
Early puberty and sexual problems

23. Illnesses in Middle Childhood
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Illnesses in Middle Childhood
More acute illnesses first two years of school
Exposure
Still developing immune system
Chronic Diseases - 15–20 percent
Asthma
Severe illnesses – 2%

24. Accidents in Middle Childhood
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Most common types:
Motor vehicle
Bicycle
Pedestrian
Prevention
Teach safety
Model safe behavior
Require helmets
Watch high-risk children more

25. Motor Development in Middle Childhood
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Gross Motor Skills Improvements
Flexibility
Balance
Agility
Force
Fine Motor Skills Gains
Writing
Drawing

26. Six-Year Old’s Drawing
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27. Eight-Year Old’s Drawing
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Eight-Year Old’s Drawing

28. Ten-Year Old’s Drawing
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Ten-Year Old’s Drawing

29. Individual Differences in Motor Skills
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Individual Differences in Motor Skills
Body build
Sex
Family encouragement, expectations
SES
School & community lessons available

30. Physical Play Development in Middle Childhood
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Physical Play Development in Middle Childhood
Child-Organized Games with Rules
Sports
Invented Games
Video Games
Adult-organized Sports
Physical Education

31. Providing Developmentally Appropriate Sports
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Build on children’s interests
Emphasize enjoyment
Let kids contribute
Teach age-appropriate skills
Limit practices
Discourage unhealthy competition
Focus on personal and team improvement

32. Rough and Tumble Play Friendly chasing and play-fighting
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Friendly chasing and play-fighting
Informal and spontaneously organized
Seems universal
Common in many mammals and across cultures
Peaks in middle childhood
Boys do more
May help establish dominance hierarchy