1. How Do Writers Persuade You?
Feature Menu
Persuasion
Types of Evidence
Logical and Emotional Appeals
Expository Critique
Your Turn .

2. Persuasion
Persuasion is everywhere.
Persuasive people can get you to see things their way:
Believe this!
Change that!
Trust me!
Persuasion is the use of language or images to get us to believe or do something.

3. Persuasion
For writers, persuasion starts with an opinion—a belief—about a subject.
Opinion
People should donate food and supplies to the Hebron Humane Society now.
The writer then tries to convince, or persuade, you to accept this opinion.

4. Persuasion
To build an argument, a persuasive writer will use logic, or correct reasoning.
When you use logic, you put information together to make a reasonable conclusion.
If A is true . . .
. . . then B must be true.

5. Persuasion
For logic to work, each point should follow from the other in a clear, sensible way.
If A is true . . .
. . . then B must be true.
The government has cut funding for the Humane Society animal shelter.
Therefore, the shelter staff need more help from the community.

6. Persuasion
For a persuasive argument to be logical, it must be supported by reasons and evidence.
Reasons tell why writers hold particular opinions.
People should donate because the Humane Society benefits the entire community.
Evidence is support or proof that backs up the reasons.
Sheltering homeless animals keeps them off the street.

7. Persuasion Evidence is the foundation of persuasive writing.
Writer’s Opinion
Reason 1
Reason 2
Reason 3
Evidence for Reason 1
Evidence for Reason 2
Evidence for Reason 3

8. Persuasion The evidence and reasons support the opinion.
People should donate food and supplies to the Hebron Humane Society now.
Supplies are low.
The shelter benefits the community.
Humane Society is low on funds.
Some of the cats do not have beds or toys.
People can adopt a dog or cat for a very small fee.
Budget was cut by $50,000 last year.

9. Persuasion Quick Check
What reason does the writer give for his opinion?
The school board should include money for new buses in next year’s budget. We need new school buses as soon as possible. The old ones are not reliable. Last spring, three different buses broke down, leaving students stranded on their way to school. These students waited an average of two hours for another bus to pick them up.
What evidence does the writer give to support this reason?
[End of Section]

10. Persuasion Quick Check
What reason does the writer give for his opinion?
The school board should include money for new buses in next year’s budget. We need new school buses as soon as possible. The old ones are not reliable. Last spring, three different buses broke down, leaving students stranded on their way to school. These students waited an average of two hours for another bus to pick them up.
The old school buses are unreliable.

11. Persuasion Quick Check
The school board should include money for new buses in next year’s budget. We need new school buses as soon as possible. The old ones are not reliable. Last spring, three different buses broke down, leaving students stranded on their way to school. These students waited an average of two hours for another bus to pick them up.
What evidence does the writer give to support this reason?
Three buses have broken down, and students have been delayed getting to school.

12. Facts Quotations Statistics Examples Anecdotes
Types of Evidence
To get you to believe or do something, writers have to present convincing evidence.
Facts Quotations Statistics Examples Anecdotes

13. Types of Evidence Facts statements that can be proved true
can be confirmed in reliable sources (books, newspapers, encyclopedias)
Every pet at the Humane Society shelter is spayed or neutered before being adopted.

14. Types of Evidence Quotations comments people have made about a topic
A direct quotation is a person’s exact words:
“The staff helped us pick out just the right cat for us,” said Mrs. Lucy Fernandez of South Hebron.

15. Types of Evidence Quotations comments people have made about a topic
An expert opinion is a statement by someone who is an expert on the subject:
Regional director Gary Stokes commented, “All animal welfare groups rely on help from their communities.”

16. Cost to Operate Shelter
Types of Evidence
Statistics
information presented as numbers
may be given in the text or in a chart or graph
Text
In the past three years, the cost of operating the shelter has increased by $30,000.
Chart
Cost to Operate Shelter
2007
2008
2009
$200,000
$220,000
$230,000

17. Types of Evidence Examples specific illustrations of a general idea
For instance, a number of cats went without their regular shots because there was no money left in the budget.

18. Types of Evidence Examples
A case study is a special type of example based on scientific research.
In a long-term study, Lynette Winters, D.V.M., showed that pets adopted from shelters where conditions were good made better, healthier pets than those adopted from less desirable shelters.

19. Types of Evidence Anecdotes
brief personal accounts that illustrate a point
On several occasions, Jared Epps, an adoption counselor at the shelter, has had to leave his desk, drive to a nearby pet store, and buy food for the animals himself, using his own money.

20. Types of Evidence Quick Check
For each item, identify the type of evidence. Choose from the list below.
“If there were a convenient, safe trail, I would ride my bike to work most days,” said Ms. Brenda Gibson of Ridgecrest.
The city has not added any new bike paths since 1998.
A recent survey showed that 1 in every 30 city residents currently uses a bicycle to get to and from work or school.
example quotation statistics anecdote fact
[End of Section]

21. Types of Evidence Quick Check
For each item, identify the type of evidence. Choose from the list below.
“If there were a convenient, safe trail, I would ride my bike to work most days,” said Ms. Brenda Gibson of Ridgecrest.
The city has not added any new bike paths since 1998.
A recent survey showed that 1 in every 30 city residents currently uses a bicycle to get to and from work or school.
example quotation statistics anecdote fact

22. Logical and Emotional Appeals
When you read a persuasive article or essay, look for two different types of arguments:
1 Logical appeals
support the argument with facts and other sound evidence
target the reader’s thinking ability
If every household in Hebron would donate one twenty-pound bag of food, the shelter could feed its animals for a full year on those donations alone.

23. Logical and Emotional Appeals
When you read a persuasive article or essay, look for two different types of arguments:
2 Emotional appeals
use evidence that affects feelings
often appeal to emotions such as fear, pity, and love
Think of the poor homeless pups and kitties. Do you really want them to suffer any more than they already have?

24. Logical and Emotional Appeals
Effective persuasive writing often uses a combination of logical and emotional appeals.
Opinion: People should donate food and supplies to the Hebron Humane Society now.
Logical Appeal
Emotional Appeal
The shelter cares for more than two thousand homeless pets every year and finds them loving homes.
What will happen to these animals if the Humane Society runs out of food, supplies, and money? +

25. Logical and Emotional Appeals
Be careful when reading a persuasive article or essay.
Don’t be swayed by emotional appeals alone.
Make sure the writer’s position is also supported by solid evidence.

26. Logical and Emotional Appeals
Quick Check
Identify each statement as either a logical appeal or an emotional appeal.
Volunteering helps young people learn about work and think about careers they might like.
Many senior citizens would go hungry if it weren’t for the volunteers who bring them meals.
Students who volunteer in their communities grow up to be more successful than those who do not.
[End of Section]

27. Logical and Emotional Appeals
Quick Check
Identify each statement as either a logical appeal or an emotional appeal.
Volunteering helps young people learn about work and think about careers they might like.
Many senior citizens would go hungry if it weren’t for the volunteers who bring them meals.
Students who volunteer in their communities grow up to be more successful than those who do not.
1. logical 2. emotional 3. logical

28. Expository Critique
Critique, or evaluate, all forms of persuasion carefully to judge if the opinion is valid.
Express your evaluation by
making assertions about the opinion and the argument
supporting your assertions with citations

29. An assertion is a statement or a claim.
Expository Critique
An assertion is a statement or a claim.
A citation is evidence from a text that backs up or supports an assertion.
ASSERTION
ASSERTION
Citation
Citation
Citation
ASSERTION
When you make an assertion about a text, you need to support your statement with evidence.

30. Follow these steps to make an assertion about a text:
Expository Critique
Follow these steps to make an assertion about a text:
Identify the author’s opinion.
Identify the author’s evidence and decide whether it is convincing.
Evaluate your assertion. Is it reasonable? Is it supported by accurate evidence from the text?
Make your own assertion about the argument. Support your statement with citations.

31. Expository Critique
What assertion can you make about the article “The Global Classroom” based on the text below?
In the time it takes the social studies teacher to spin the globe, her students can connect with classrooms on the other side of the country—or the other side of the world.
Many schools use and online exchanges that link students throughout the world. The International Education and Resource Network (iLEARN) is a network of schools teaching students aged 5 to 19 in more than 115 countries. Students and teachers interact in more than 30 languages to carry out online projects with peers worldwide. 31

32. Assertion: The Internet is a valuable tool for a global education.
Expository Critique
Assertion: The Internet is a valuable tool for a global education.
In the time it takes the social studies teacher to spin the globe, her students can connect with classrooms on the other side of the country—or the other side of the world.
Many schools use and online exchanges that link students throughout the world. The International Education and Resource Network (iLEARN) is a network of schools teaching students aged 5 to 19 in more than 115 countries. Students and teachers interact in more than 30 languages to carry out online projects with peers worldwide. 32

33. Expository Critique
What evidence backs up the assertion that the Internet is a valuable tool for a global education?
In the time it takes the social studies teacher to spin the globe, her students can connect with classrooms on the other side of the country—or the other side of the world.
Many schools use and online exchanges that link students throughout the world. The International Education and Resource Network (iLEARN) is a network of schools teaching students aged 5 to 19 in more than 115 countries. Students and teachers interact in more than 30 languages to carry out online projects with peers worldwide. 33

34. Expository Critique
Evidence: These pieces of text are citations that support the assertion.
In the time it takes the social studies teacher to spin the globe, her students can connect with classrooms on the other side of the country—or the other side of the world.
Many schools use and online exchanges that link students throughout the world. The International Education and Resource Network (iLEARN) is a network of schools teaching students aged 5 to 19 in more than 115 countries. Students and teachers interact in more than 30 languages to carry out online projects with peers worldwide. 34

35. Expository Critique
You can use a chart like this one to keep track of your assertions and citations.
Assertion (Claim)
Citation (Proof)
The Internet is a valuable tool for global education.
Students can connect with classrooms on the other side of the world.
and online exchanges link students throughout the world.
Students and teachers interact in many languages to do online projects with peers worldwide. 35

36. Expository Critique Quick Check
In the twenty-first century, however, Arabic is increasingly being seen as a language that’s helpful to know in a changing world. At several high schools in Seattle, students are learning to read, write, and speak Arabic in after-school programs. Students at Annandale High School in Virginia are already in their third and fourth years of the language.
from “The Global Classroom,” by Barbara Bakowski
Based on the underlined facts, what assertion might you make about Arabic and U.S. schools?
[End of Section] 36

37. Expository Critique Quick Check
In the twenty-first century, however, Arabic is increasingly being seen as a language that’s helpful to know in a changing world. At several high schools in Seattle, students are learning to read, write, and speak Arabic in after-school programs. Students at Annandale High School in Virginia are already in their third and fourth years of the language.
from “The Global Classroom,” by Barbara Bakowski
Assertion: More schools in the United States are starting to teach students Arabic. 37

38. Analyze Persuasion Your Turn
Give an example of a statistic you’ve heard or read. What opinion might it support?
Describe a television commercial you’ve seen that included an emotional appeal. To which emotion did it appeal? What assertion can you make about the commercial?

39. The End