1. Post-Cyclone Recovery Policies and Coordination in Myanmar 2008-2010 Iizuka Ryoko, MEP13101 Policy Design and Implementation, GRIPS July 19, 2013

2. Outline 1.Background 2.Cyclone Nargis 3.Response – Policies and Coordination Mechanisms 4. Challenges and Reflections

4. 1. Background 1962Military rule starts 1988Student demonstration 1990National election - NLD victory ignored 20037-step Roadmap to Disciplined Democracy 2007Saffron revolution 2008Cyclone Nargis, Referendum on constitution 2010National Election – USDP victory 2011New Government – President Thein Sein Photo source: Not My Tribe

5. Working Environment 2008 No UNDAF or PRSP UNDP stopped country program in 1993 (allowed only grassroots activities, no direct engagement with the government) NGOs severely restricted

6. 2. Cyclone Nargis Hit Delta region and Yangon in May 2008 Killed 140,000, affected 2.4 M Damage US$4.1 B

8. Cyclone affected villages

9. 3. Response: Major Events and Policy Tools DateEventWhoWhat 2 MayCyclone Nargis 3 National Disaster Preparedness Central Committee GoM Emergency response with 10 sub-committees 9ASEAN Humanitarian Task ForceASEANAgreed to assist 19Flash Appeal (1)UNOCHA Request $187M for 6 months 25 ASEAN-UN International Pledging Conference ASEAN-UN- GoM Agreed to form a Tripartite Core Group 31 Post-Nargis Joint Assessment (PONJA) TCG 10 JulFlash Appeal (2)UNOCHA Revised request $482M for 1 year DecPost-Nargis Recovery and Preparedness Plan (PONREPP) TCG3-year recovery strategy (‘09-11), request $691M

10. ASEAN-led Coordination Mechanism Source: PONJA, 2008 3 reps from GoM -M. of Foreign Affairs -M. of Social Welfare and Resettlement -M. of Agriculture and Irrigation

11. In-Country Coordination Mechanism TCG ASEAN- UN- GoM meetings Field Hubs Sectoral Clusters 10 Clusters (Agencies & Ministries) Field Clusters Inter-Agency Standing Committee UN-NGOs- Red Cross meetings Donors Meetings with UN, NGOs Frequent Field Missions

12. PONREPP 8 Key Areas 1.Livelihoods 2.Shelter 3.Education 4.Health 5.Water, Sanitation, Hygiene 6.Disaster Risk Reduction 7.Environment 8.Vulnerable Groups  As of Jun 2010, $348M received. With needs ($691M) not met, prioritized action plan developed with $103M (5 sectors).

13. UNDP Myanmar Response 1) Emergency response: Water, food, clearing debris, shelter, grants… 2) Integrated Community-based Early Recovery: US$23 Ｍ for 2 years, covering 500 villages 1. Livelihood 2. Infrastructure 3. Capacity Development 4. Disaster Risk Reduction

14. Left: Shelter construction Right: Pond cleaning – critical to catch monsoon rain to ensure drinking water for the rest of the year

15. 4. Challenges Coordination: numerous actors at multiple levels with different objectives, in fast changing environment. Priority: massive needs with limited funds. Tarps or shelters? How many can you cover? Ideal vs. Reality: Build Back Better, Early Recovery, Sustainability, Community Ownership… Capacity vs. Reality: you want to do so much but your time, money, capacity are all limited.

16. Reflections To coordinate well, you need to know what you can do and what others can do. No prior relations or trust can hamper your coordination. Government’s track record greatly affect donors. Leader’s accurate judgment and direction is critical. It was an over-ambitious program, yet necessary. Think of how to maximize your limited resources to do more.