1. PDHPE HSC Enrichment Day 2010 Sports Medicine

2. Analyse the environmental considerations that can impact on the safe participation of sports activities (12 Marks) Environmental considerations -Temperature regulation -Climatic conditions -Guidelines for fluid Intake -Acclimatisation Environmental considerations -Temperature regulation -Climatic conditions -Guidelines for fluid Intake -Acclimatisation Sports policy and the environment e.g. heat rules Extension: Specific athletes - Children and young athletes - Female athletes - Older athletes Extension: Specific athletes - Children and young athletes - Female athletes - Older athletes QUESTION : Activity 1 Identify Components and the relationship between them: draw out and relate implications

3. Temperature Regulation -Body aims to maintain a core temperature of 37 o C. -Thermoregulation is the process that maintains a balance between the loss of body heat and increases in body heat. -During exercise there is an increased production of heat Activity 2 Body Temp = 37 0 C Heat Loss Heat Gain

4. Climatic Conditions Temperature Wind Humidity Altitude Rain Pollution

5. IMPACT of Climatic Conditions Beijing pollution soars to unacceptable levels: Ben English From: The Courier-Mail August 05, 2008 Pollution experts said yesterday that it was a case of when - not if - athletes broke down under the conditions. They warned more serious reactions - even death - were possible. "You have a cocktail of conditions that add up to extreme stress on the athlete," said Murdoch University associate professor Peter Dingle. "With these readings you are talking more than 20 times a high day in Sydney or Melbourne. On those days back home asthmatics are told to stay inside. When you add the elements of heat, humidity and athletes pushing themselves to the brink, it is quite possible an athlete will die during these Olympics.” http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/beijing-pollution-levels-soar/story- e6freon6-1111117107421 Activity 3

6. Impact and Implications of Climatic Conditions Climatic Condition Effect on safe participation/performance Strategies that can be employed for safe participation Temperature and Humidity High=  risk of Hyperthermia, heat stroke, vasodilation Low =  risk of hypothermia, vasoconstriction, shivering Humidity prevents evaporation of sweat Appropriate clothing, regular fluid breaks, appropriate time of day to hold trainings/events Heat cooling vests Rain & windRain =  safety in terms of visibility and  risk of injury e.g. traction in cycling Low body temperature =  risk of hypothermia Wind Chill factor Appropriate attire e.g. Use of light clothing in running and cycling Wetsuits in surfing, full body ski suits and goggles for skiing PollutionAffects breathing – coughing, asthmatics Irritating effect on eyes, nose and throat  Visibility = safety concerns Carbon monoxide can bind to haemoglobin  oxygen carrying capacity. Rescheduling of events No exercising during high pollution parts of day Aware of weather conditions AltitudeOxygen carrying capacity of blood  – therefore  performance (endurance events) Thinner air  resistance -  perforamnce (sprinters, jumpers) mountain sickness – headache, dizziness etc Greater solar radiation Use of sun protection acclimatise

7. Other Considerations Guidelines for Fluid Intake Acclimatisation & Activity 4 Ways to climate control an athlete : - Live and train in the same environment - Live and train in another location but with an environment similar - Train at home but create a similar environment (e.g. heat tents, clothing) www.secure.ausport.gob.au/sports _coach/sports_sciences.climate_co ntrol_acclimatisation.pdf To avoid dehydration, Sports Medicine Australia recommends : athletes drink approximately 500 mls (2 glasses) in the 2 hours prior to exercise; during exercise longer than 60 minutes, 2-3 cups (500-700ml) of cool water or sports drink. after exercise replenish your fluid deficit to ensure that you are fully re- hydrated, but not over- hydrated. www.sma.org.au/wp- content/uploads/2009/05/hot-weather- guidelines-web-download-doc-2007.pdf

8. Implications of Sports Policies Extreme Heat Policy - The Australian Open Tournament. The policy, in part, reads:"In addition to the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) being equal to or above 28, if the Absolute Temperature exceeds 35C (95F), the Tournament Referee may suspend the commencement of any further matches on the outside courts, 'Games are suspended when the air temperature exceeds 35 degrees centigrade (which is 95 degrees Fahrenheit), and also the WBGT exceeds 28 degrees (which is 82 degrees Fahrenheit). When these conditions are reached, no new matches can start on the outside courts for at least an hour after the policy is implemented, but all ongoing matches will be completed. The roofs can also be closed on Rod Laver Arena and Vodafone Arena….. ice vests are provided for all players, available once the wet bulb globe temperature exceeds 28°C. Ice rolls are available on court every day. Debate – ‘In order to promote sports safety all sporting activities should be cancelled when temperature exceeds 35 o C’ www.topendsports.com/events/tennis-grand-slam/australian-open/heat-policy.htm Activity 5

9. EXTENSION – Impact on Specific Athletes Specific AthletesConsiderations in Climatic Conditions Children and Young Athletes -Prior to puberty, the sweating mechanism, essential for effective cooling, is poorly developed – therefore rely on radiation and convection to lose heat -Take longer to acclimatise to heat -Greater risk of hyperthermia compared to adults -Child athletes must be protected from over- exertion in hot climates, especially when required to exercise for 30 minutes or longer. ↑ risk of dehydration. Female Athletes Greater impact in heat and exercise due to their greater percentage of body fat. (comparison to males) Pregnant females Older athletes Greater impact with exercise in the heat. – due to reduced cardiac function. Activity 6

10. Writing Your Response Analyse the environmental considerations that can impact on the safe participation of sports activities (12 Marks) REMEMBER TO PRESENT IDEAS IN A CLEAR AND LOGICAL WAY - For each paragraph remember to P.E.E.L. Point State your point – this may be in the form of identifying a factor, stating a fact, making a statement, proposing a strategy. Elaborate Show what you know about the point made and apply that knowledge to the verb and other factors in the question. ANALYSE - Example Provide 1-2 examples giving a practical illustration, real life simulation or reflect a common everyday occurrence to prove what you have elaborated on. Link You should always refer back to the question to conclude your paragraph.