2. Self-efficacy “People strive to exercise control over events that affect their lives” “People strive to exercise control over events that affect their lives” Albert Bandura Albert Bandura

3. WHAT DOES EFFICACY CONSIST OF? Efficacy is a function of a host of beliefs we have about ourselves, including; 1. that we know the necessary information, 2. that we have the skills to do what needs to be done, and 3. that we know how to learn new information and skills as we enter different environments. www.stolaf.edu/people/roberts/psych-121/Efficacy.html

4. Collective-efficacy Centers on societies common problems Centers on societies common problems Strong beliefs effect positive social change Strong beliefs effect positive social change Requires working together to improve life Requires working together to improve life Requires group effort and united belief Requires group effort and united belief

5. Where we gain self-efficacy Four main sources

6. Mastery experiences Successes over tasks and difficulties Successes over tasks and difficulties More successes lead to better confidence More successes lead to better confidence

7. Vicarious Experiences Provided by social models Provided by social models Influenced by perceived similarities to models Influenced by perceived similarities to models People seek models who they wish to emulate People seek models who they wish to emulate

8. Social Persuasion Verbal assurances of possessing capabilities to succeed Verbal assurances of possessing capabilities to succeed Encouragement focuses on self- improvement Encouragement focuses on self- improvement

9. Physiological and Emotional States Negative reactions to stress seen as weaknesses and flaws Negative reactions to stress seen as weaknesses and flaws Based on how perceived and interpreted Based on how perceived and interpreted

10. “Efficacy-activated processes” Four processes Usually generated together

11. Cognitive Process Based on visualization Based on visualization Remembrance of past tasks Remembrance of past tasks

12. Motivational Process Largely cognitive generated Largely cognitive generated Causal attributions Causal attributions Goal challenges Goal challenges

13. Affective Process Coping capabilities Coping capabilities Anxiety arousal Anxiety arousal Social support Social support

14. Selected Process Selection of environments Selection of environments Seeking challenges to renew perceived self-efficacy Seeking challenges to renew perceived self-efficacy

15. Dimensions of Collective Self-Efficacy Perceived efficacy to take action as a group. Perceived capability of other community members. Perceived efficacy to solve problems as a group. http://164.109.175.24/Documents/537/section3_05.html

16. Bases of Collective-Efficacy How we work together

17. Family Systems Parenting Parenting Parents influence their children's self- efficacy Parents influence their children's self- efficacy Changing Families Changing Families Lagging societal changes Lagging societal changes Low income families Low income families

18. Schools and intellectual development Growing technology in schools Growing technology in schools Students belief in capabilities affects education and influenced future decisions Students belief in capabilities affects education and influenced future decisions Academic efficacy promotes higher aspirations Academic efficacy promotes higher aspirations

19. Collective-efficacy in Schools Based greatly on self-efficacy of teachers and staff Based greatly on self-efficacy of teachers and staff Inspires self mastery experiences of students Inspires self mastery experiences of students

20. Problems Societal changes Societal changes Demographics Demographics Culturally diversity, lack of funding Culturally diversity, lack of funding

21. Health and Self-Efficacy Health follows Biopsychosocial model Health follows Biopsychosocial model Perceived self-efficacy in health Perceived self-efficacy in health Exercise in control over negative health habits Exercise in control over negative health habits

22. Roots of Health Self-Efficacy Begins with family Begins with family Schools influence Schools influence Social support Social support

23. Individual vs. Collective Societies Perceived self-efficacy leads to group and collective good Perceived self-efficacy leads to group and collective good Vital for successful adaptation and change Vital for successful adaptation and change Help improve quality of life Help improve quality of life

24. Under miners to Collective-Efficacy “Transitional interdependencies” “Transitional interdependencies” Only preserving the past Only preserving the past Higher personal self-efficacy Higher personal self-efficacy Lack of good leadership Lack of good leadership