1. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology
Chapter 5
Episodic Memory
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

2. Types of Long-Term Memory
Declarative memory refers to knowledge of events, facts, and concepts (knowing what).
Nondeclarative memory refers to skills
and related procedural knowledge (knowing how).
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

3. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

4. Types of Memory Tests
Explicit or direct tests require the conscious recollection of information (e.g., recall and recognition).
Implicit or indirect tests require the use of information stored in long-term memory, but not its conscious recollection (e.g., perceptual priming and stem completion).
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

5. Types of Declarative Memory
Episodic memory concerns the recollection of events that took place at specific places and times in the past.
Semantic memory concerns factual and conceptual knowledge about the world and the words used to symbolize such knowledge.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

6. Case Studies of Episodic Memory
A.J.—Superior autobiographical memory. Recollections of the past intrude on her daily life spontaneously and through frequent retrieval efforts. Accurately recalls events of any given day of her life.
K.C.—Similar to H.M. with head injury causing severe anterograde amnesia. Past semantic memory is intact, but has no episodic recollection of any autobiographical experience.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

7. Prospective Memory
Mental time travel—the capacity for recollecting past events and envisioning future events through reconstructive retrieval processes.
PM—intending and remembering to take some action at a specific time in the future.
Consciously, effortful monitoring
Automatic, spontaneous retrieval
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

8. Encoding and Storing Events
Maintenance rehearsal refers to recycling information within short-term or working memory.
Elaborative rehearsal refers to linking information in short-term memory with information already stored in long-term memory.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

9. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

10. Principles of Encoding
Levels or depths of processing refers to a memory superiority for events attentively processed at a semantic as opposed to a sensory level.
Transfer appropriate processing holds that test performance depends on engaging in a process at encoding that is compatible with the demands of the test (e.g., recognition of words that rhyme with studied words is best when sensory, acoustic features are encoded).
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

12. Principles of Encoding
Distinctiveness refers to how the items to be learned are different from each other and other items stored in long-term memory. Item processing stresses differences (e.g., flashbulb memories).
Relational processing refers to how the items to be learned are related to each other and to other items stored in memory. It stresses similarities (e.g., subjective organization).
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

13. Retrieval Processes
Retrieval mode is an attempt or effort to retrieve an event stored in long-term memory.
Ecphory is the actual successful retrieval of an event.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

14. Encoding Specificity
Specific encoding operations performed on what is perceived determines what retrieval cues are effective in producing access to what is stored.
A retrieval cue is only effective if it is associated with the to-be-remembered material at encoding.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

15. Hemispheric Encoding/Retrieval Asymmetry
Prefrontal activation in the right hemisphere is associated with retrieval mode.
Prefrontal activation in the left hemisphere is associated with encoding events.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

16. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

17. Encoding Specificity Effects
Recall of unrecognizable words
Tip of the tongue (TOT)
Study-test interactions in environmental context
Mood congruence effect
State-dependent learning
Effectiveness of the Cognitive Interview
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

18. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

19. Encoding Specificity Effects
Recall of unrecognizable words
Tip of the tongue (TOT)
Study-test interactions in environmental context
Mood congruence effect
State-dependent learning
Effectiveness of the Cognitive Interview
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

20. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

21. Encoding Specificity Effects
Recall of unrecognizable words
Tip of the tongue (TOT)
Study-test interactions in environmental context
Mood congruence effect
State-dependent learning
Effectiveness of the Cognitive Interview
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

22. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

23. Encoding Specificity Effects
Recall of unrecognizable words
Tip of the tongue (TOT)
Study-test interactions in environmental context
Mood congruence effect
State-dependent learning
Effectiveness of the Cognitive Interview
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

24. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

25. Study Strategies
Repeated self-test is more effective than study alone.
Distributed study is more effective than massed, non-distributed study time.
The longer the retention interval, the more time should be spaced between study sessions.
3R—Read, Recite, and Review
Superior to rereading or taking notes
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.