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Map Quiz Today.
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From Confederation to Nation
Chapter 5 From Confederation to Nation
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The Second Continental Congress
: Served as temporary gov’t of USA Successes: Created an army and navy Supplied army with weapons, etc. Sent diplomats to negotiate a peace treaty
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The Second Continental Congress
Failures Lacked the power to collect taxes Difficult to find money to pay for the war
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The Articles of Confederation
This document created our first government, written in 1777 Congress (Legislative Branch) Each state gets 1 vote 9 votes are needed to pass a law 13 votes to change the A. of C. No Executive or Judicial Branch
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The Articles of Confederation
States purposely create a weak gov’t. Leaves a lot of power to the states
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The Articles of Confederation
Congress could: Negotiate with other nations Declare war, make peace Borrow money Ask states to donate money
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The Articles of Confederation
Congress could not Collect taxes Regulate trade between states Prevent states from printing money
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Approving the A. of C. Some states claimed land in the west, others didn’t VA, NY could raise money through the sale of western lands MD and others couldn’t. MD wouldn’t approve A. of C. until all states gave up land in the west (1781)
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Northwest Ordinance What is to be done with the western land?
Thomas Jefferson’s idea: “Add-a-state” plan New territory would be made into states on an equal footing with the original 13
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Jefferson’s plan
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Northwest Territory
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Northwest Territory Ohio Ohio Michigan Illinois Michigan Indiana
Wisconsin Indiana Wisconsin
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Problems in the US in the 1780s
British refused to leave their trading posts and forts in the Northwest Territory Silly Americans! You cant make us go!
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Problems in the US in the 1780s
Spain did not allow Americans to use the New Orleans (This made it difficult for Americans living on the Mississippi River)
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Problems in the US in the 1780s
Each state could stop imports from other states No Pennsylvania corn allowed! To Delaware
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Problems in the US in the 1780s
Inflation: Each state printed its own money Paper money becomes worthless
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Shay’s Rebellion (1786) Farmers in Massachusetts are put in jail for failure to pay debts Daniel Shay’s leads a rebellion Many Americans realize the Articles of Confederation isn’t working
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Annapolis Convention Representatives from 5 states meet to discuss regulation of interstate trade Alexander Hamilton suggests another meeting.
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Philadelphia Convention
Philadelphia, Summer 1787 55 Delegates meet in Independence Hall Rhode Island did not attend What are they doing? Changing the A. of C.? Create a new government?
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The 13 states Free states and slave states
Large states and small states Importers and exporters There will be a need to compromise
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The delegates Ben Franklin: Elder statesman George Washington
President of the convention Took no part in the debates His presence reassured Americans that the convention was ok James Madison: Took notes on the debates
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Compromises The Great Compromise Virginia Plan:
Representation in the Congress would be based on population Bigger states should have more representatives
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Compromises The New Jersey Plan Each state should have only 1 vote
As in the Articles of Confederation
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The Great Compromise Connecticut Plan
Senate: Each state has two senators chosen by the state legislatures (makes small states happy) House of Representatives: Bigger states have more representatives; chosen by the people (makes big states happy)
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Compromises Three-Fifths Compromise
Number of representatives for each state was based on population Should slaves count in determining representation? If slaves are counted, slave states (South) will have more representatives
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Compromises Compromise: Count three-fifths of the slave population
Note: If slaves had been counted as “full people”, the slave owners would have more power in Congress
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Federalism Power is shared between national (federal) government and state governments Some powers are shared (taxation, borrowing money)
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Federalism Federal Government Maintain Army
Roles Not Listed in the Constitution Roles Listed in the Constitution Federalism Federal Government Maintain Army Foreign policy (Treaties, War) Print money Regulate interstate trade Copyrights, patents State Governments Schools Marriage & Divorce Create corporations Licenses
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Improvements in the Constitution
Easier to amend (change) than the A. of C. Created a judicial and executive branch Gave Congress the power to tax States cannot coin money
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The Three Branches of Government
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Legislative
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Legislative Congress House of Representatives and Senate Creates laws
May declare war House: Responsible for taxation Senate: Approves Treaties Elastic Clause: Congress is given the power to carry out all its functions
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Executive
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Executive President Commander in Chief of the military
Enforces the laws Negotiate treaties Appoint judges
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Judicial
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Judicial Supreme Court and other federal courts
Currently, there are 9 justices Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Samuel Alito Stephen Breyer Anthony Kennedy Antonin Scalia David Souter John Roberts John Paul Stevens
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Checks and Balances Separation of powers: Power in government is divided between the branches Each branch has powers over the others No branch is more powerful than any other
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President May veto (say no) to a law passed by Congress
President decides who will become a Supreme Court Judge
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Congress Congress may override the president’s veto (with 2/3 vote)
Senate must approve Supreme Court Judges Congress may amend (change) the constitution, to override a court’s decision. (2/3 Congress + ¾ of the states)
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Supreme Court Court may declare laws unconstitutional (Judicial Review)
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Ratifying the Constitution
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Ratification After the Constitution was written by the delegates, it had to be ratified (approved) by the states Each state created a special convention to debate and vote on the Constitution 9 of the 13 states must ratify the C. for it to go into effect
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Ratification Federalists: Supporters of the new constitution
Anti-Federalists: Opponents of the new Constitution Feared the new government would be too powerful
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Ratification First state to ratify: Delaware
9 states had ratified the C. by June 1788, but VA and NY had not Constitution is in effect, but without the support of these states, will it work?
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The States Delaware – Dec 1787 Pennsylvania New Jersey Georgia
Connecticut Massachusetts Maryland South Carolina New Hampshire – June 1788 Virginia New York North Carolina Rhode Island
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Ratification The Federalist Papers
Written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay To persuade NY to support the Const. Defended the new constitution Explained why a stronger government was needed to protect freedom
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Bill of Rights Anti-Federalists in Virginia demanded that a bill of rights be added to the Constitution This will be among the first actions of Congress in 1789
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Bill of Rights Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments (changes) to the Constitution List of rights and freedoms of Americans Limits the power of government
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Bill of Rights First Amendment: Protects freedom of religion, freedom of speech, right to assembly Amendments 5-7: Right to a trial by jury
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The Future How will the Constitution work in practice?
Will it need to be changed? How will Congress, presidents and judges exercise their power?
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TEST TOMORROW! CHAPTER 5
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The Great Compromise James Madison William Paterson
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NEW JERSEY POWER!! DEBATE! SMALL STATE BIG STATE! ARGUE!!! VIRGINIA POWER!
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Compromise Power Compromise Power Compromise Power Compromise Power Connecticut Plan!
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