1. Opening Science ISBN: 331900025X The Evolving Guide on How the Internet is Changing Research, Collaboration and Scholarly Publishing Figures book.openingscience.org

2. You are free to modify and reuse our figures. If you do so, please cite the book, chapter, or web page. We kindly ask you to send records of modified and/or reused figures and texts to the editors and chapter authors. Preferably send the overall document that contains the figure so that we can understand the context. Sönke Bartling & Sascha Friesike

3. Towards Another Scientific Revolution Sönke Bartling, Sascha Friesike

4. Time Cost to publish Writing system Papyrus Printing press Scientific journals Internet Today‘s legacy gap Second scientific revolution First scientific revolution €€€€€ €€ €

5. Research today Research in the future Positive results Negative results Positive results Negative results Assessment phase Create phasePublication phase Lost ideasLost knowledgeUnpublished results Micro blogs, wiki updates, online discussions, abstracts, blog posts, papers … Abstracts, papers,...

6. Research today Research in the future Time

7. 7 Open science / knowledge Publication Patent from Latin publicatio “making public” / publicare “make public” from Latin patentum “open, lying open”

8. Blogging and Microblogging Open Access Outlets Open Data Novel copyright concepts Reference Management Dynamic Publication Formats Altmetrics Social Networking Unique Researcher ID Wikis

9. Open Science: One Term, Five Schools of Thought Benedikt Fecher, Sascha Friesike

10. Open Science Infrastructure School Assumption: Efficient research depends on the available tools and applications. Goal: Creating openly available platforms, tools and services for scientists. Keywords: Collaboration platforms and tools Public School Assumption: Science needs to be made accessible to the public. Goal: Making science accessible for citizens. Keywords: Citizen Science, Science PR, Science Blogging Democratic School Assumption: The access to knowledge is unequally distributed. Goal: Making knowledge freely available for everyone. Keywords: Open access, intellectual property rights, Open data, Open code Measurement School Assumption: Scientific contributions today need alternative impact measurements. Goal: Developing an alternative metric system for scientific impact. Keywords: Altmetrics, peer review, citation, impact factors Pragmatic School Assumption: Knowledge-creation could be more efficient if scientists worked together. Goal: Making the process of knowledge creation more efficient and goal oriented. Keywords: Wisdom of the crowds, network effects, Open Data, Open Code

11. Open Science Democratic School Public School Infrastructure School Measurement School Open Access Open Data Citizen Science Scientific Communication Pragmatic School Grid Computing Data Repositories Altmetrics Webometrics Wisdom of the Crowds Collective Intelligence

12. Science Caught Flat-footed: How Academia Struggles with Open Science Communication Alexander Gerber

14. Scientists working at a university or government laboratory Scientists working at industrial laboratory Medical doctors Environmental protection associations Consumer organizations Television journalists Newspaper journalists Government representatives Writers and intellectuals Politicians Industry The military 2010 EU27 2005 EU27 63 % 52 % 32 % 28 % 26 % 23 % 24 % 21 % 23 % 16 % 20 % 32 % 11 % 16 % 25 % 6 % 10 % 6 % 5 % 2 % 6 %

15. EU27 Germany Science and technology can sort out any problem

16. Open Science and the Three Cultures: Expanding Open Science to All Domains of Knowledge Creation Michelle Sidler

17. Publication speed and types Ownership and access Data type and use Authorship and attribution Sciences Humanities Speed is paramount Publication timeline is in days or weeks Most publications are digital articles Access to journal articles is most important Most publications are proprietary and expensive (profit-bearing) Access is necessary for rapid discovery Mostly numerical Derived from computation or laboratories Re-use is computational Multi-authored articles Citation metrics Journal Impact Factor is paramount Breadth and depth is more important than speed Publication timeline is in months or years The primary publication is print books (fewer articles) Access to books is most important Most publications are proprietary and less expensive (non-profit) Access to research is usually not time-sensitive Mostly textual or visual Derived from creative, scholarly, or historical works Re-use is critical/ analytical Single-author monographs Few citation metrics Reputation of press is paramount

18. Reference Management Martin Fenner, Kaja Scheliga, Sönke Bartling

19. Search Mendeley Zotero CiteULike Jabref EndNote RefWorks Papers PubMed Scopus Web of Science Bookmarklet Windows Mac Linux Mobile WWW PDF files Public folders API Extract metadata Full-text search PDF viewer File organizer Microsoft Word Open Office LaTex Edit styles Store Share Read Write X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

20. Open Access: A State of the Art Dagmar Sitek and Roland Bertelmann

21. Prior to review, default in some fields only Accessible to everyone, CC-license, reuse possible Mostly not final version, after peer- review, restrictions Submitting Author Preprint Open Access Journal Subscription based Journal No quality assurance Golden Road Open Access Green Road Open Access Toll Access Closed Access Read only with paid subscription, any reuse rights Preprint Server Open Access (e.g. arXiv) Primary publication Secondary publication Primary publication Peer review Peer review All rights transferred to the publisher Any reuse rights A lot of publishers allow self archiving Postprint All rights stay with the author Article processing charges Decides based on scientific criteria, after checking patent issues

23. Dynamic Publication Formats and Collaborative Authoring Lambert Heller, Ronald The, Sönke Bartling

24. Time On topic XYZ.... On topic XYZ Scholarly publications today Dynamic scholarly publications.... On topic XYZ

25. .... On topic XYZ.... On topic ABC On topic UVW

26. Abstract / Talk Paper Review Book Completeness / Audience / Maturity Timeliness / Promptness Letter

27. Abstract / talk Paper Review Book Microblog Status update Comment/blog Wiki update Letter Completeness / Audience / Maturity Timeliness / Promptness

28. Gate Working versions Publication Review Publication Published versions Author Peer Author …

29. Time “Pull” request Transclusion Forking

30. Open Innovation and Crowdsourcing in the Sciences Thomas Schildhauer, Hilger Voss

31. Specification Complexity Question & answers Wisdom of the crowd Customer suggestions Brainstorming sessions Idea challenges Finding experts Human tasks/ cloud labor Creativity/ design Solving specific problems

32. Frequency (X) / Number of attachments per node (Y)