1. Psikologi Anak Pertemuan 7 The self, identity, and gender development

2. SELF All the Characteristics of the Person
Self-concept: everything the person believes to be true about him/herself
Includes traits, preferences, social roles, values, beliefs, interests, self-categorization
Self-understanding develops throughout the lifespan

3. Infancy
Dot-of-rouge experiment
Recognize selves in mirror at months months
Personal pronoun use
Picture recognition
Self-referencing, ownership, self-monitoring
Early childhood
Confusion of self, mind, and body
Concrete descriptions
Physical descriptions
Activities – what they do
Overestimation of abilities
Middle and late childhood
Shift to internal traits and abilities
Social role descriptions
Real and ideal selves
More realistic about abilities
Adolescence
Abstract-idealistic
Self-conscious/ preoccupied
Contradictions within self
Fluctuating picture across time/situations
Possible selves
Self-integrations as they get older

4. Perspective Taking
Opposite of egocentrism – the ability to assume another’s perspective
Children who are good at this are popular
Development progresses through stages (Selman)

5. What Are Self-Esteem and Self-Concept?
A person’s global evaluation of the self; also called self-worth or self-image.
Self-concept
Domain-specific evaluations of the self.
Self-esteem reflects perceptions that do not always match reality.

6. Self-Esteem Evaluative part of the self-concept
emotional
Difference between the real and ideal self
Have you realized your potential?
Do you value the trait, but have little potential?
Ideal self includes the “ought” and the “wish” selves
Measure of our sense of meaning in life
This includes purpose
Self-respect (Have you lived up to who you are?)
Influenced by the reactions of others
Generalized other, great ubiquitous “they”
It is tougher to accept criticism
Basis for conformity

7. Components of Identity
Career
Political views
Religious beliefs
Relationships
Ethnic identity
Personality
Body image

8. Erikson Identity vs. Identity Confusion
Identity crisis - exploration
Identity commitment
Problems:
Weak sense of trust
Little autonomy or initiative
Lack of industry

9. Paths to Identity Identity diffusion Identity foreclosure
No crisis/ commitment
Identity foreclosure
Commitment/ no crisis
Identity moratorium
Crisis/ no commitment
Identity achievement (goal)
Commitment following crisis

10. Gender Development Gender — social dimension of being female or male
Gender role: set of expectations prescribing how females and males should act, feel, and think
Gender typing: process by which children acquire thoughts, behaviors, and feelings culturally appropriate for their gender
Sex — designates the biological aspects of being female or male

11. Biological Influences
Chromosomes — 23rd pair with X and Y
Hormones
Estrogens
Estradiol influences development of female physical sex characteristics and helps regulate menstrual cycle
Androgens
Testosterone promotes development of male genitals and secondary sex characteristics

12. Evolutionary Psychology View of Gender
Differing roles in reproduction placed different pressures on males and females
Key gender differences in sexual attitudes and sexual behaviors
Males — competition, violence, risk-taking
Females — parenting effort, selection of successful mate

13. Social Influences Differences due to social experiences
Social role theory: gender differences result from contrasting roles of men and women
Psychoanalytic theory of gender: claims child identifies with same-sex parent by age 5 or 6
Many disagree, claiming gender learned much earlier (even in absence of same-sex parent)
Social cognitive theory of gender — gender development results from observation and imitation, use of rewards and punishments for gender-appropriate behaviors

14. Cognitive Influences Cognitive development theory of gender
Children’s gender typing occurs after they think of themselves as boys and girls; gender constancy must be achieved first
Once consistently conceived as male or female, children prefer activities, objects, and attitudes consistent with this label
Gender schema theory
Gender typing emerges gradually in gender schemas of what is culturally gender-appropriate and inappropriate
Gender-typed behavior can occur before children develop gender constancy
Gender schemas fuel gender typing

15. Masculinity, Femininity, and Androgyny
Androgyny — presence of masculine and feminine characteristics in same individual
Bem Sex-Role Inventory:
Instrumental, expressive traits
Context influencing gender role is adaptive
Gender-role transcendence — people should be evaluated as persons, not in terms of femininity, masculinity, or androgyny
Bem’s Gender-Role Classification

16. Gender Development in Childhood
Children form many ideas about what the sexes are like from about 1½ to 3 years of age
Boys receive earlier and more intense gender socialization
Children show clear preference for same-sex peers
Gender roles becoming more flexible

17. Gender Development in Adolescence
Transition point; changes in puberty
Gender-intensification hypothesis
Psychological and behavioral differences between boys and girls become greater during early adolescence
Increased socialization pressures to conform to traditional gender roles
Mixed messages and special problems