1. DCN286 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY Network Cable Testers and Tests

2. Digital Signal Transmission 1.By varying an electrical signal when it passes over a wire that is typically made of copper. 2.By varying the power of light as sent over a glass optical fiber. 3.By varying the radio waves sent through space, which is commonly referred to as wireless communications.

3. Common terminologies in waves Amplitude: height of wave (volt, meter, amp, etc, etc) which usually means strength of waves. Frequency: number of waves per second (hertz=1/second). High frequency means more waves coming in one second. Period: time between each waves. Higher period also means lower frequency (less waves coming in each second)

4. Sine wave -Periodic -Continuously varying -T = 1/F (T: period; F: frequency)

5. Square wave -Periodic -NOT continuously varying -T = 1/F (T: period; F: frequency)

6. Other waves (Optional) Triangle Sawtooth

7. Analog and digital wave Analog wave: usually refers to sine wave as it can easily presents many natural events. Digital wave: usually associated with square wave because it presents binary digits.

8. Combined waves Frequency of wave 1 is 300 hz Frequency of wave 2 is 500 hz When they are added together, blue wave presents the complex combined wave.

9. Signals and Noise Signal: the desired binary digits presented by the energy (electric, light and radio) transmission. Noise: any environmental interference while receiver detects the data signal. Other factors might degrade signals: grade of the cable, connector and installation (connection), distance of cable connection and network design.

10. Impedance and attenuation Impedance contains the material resistance and other resistant forces in a circuit. Attenuation- the amount of signals that a cable will absorb is a measure of its attenuation. Lower attenuation indicates higher quality conductors and cables. Voltage (electrical power) and light power would decrease while travelling alone copper wires and optic fiber cables.

11. Coaxial cable Shield must be grounded. Plastic jacket can offer protection against moisture and insulation.

12. STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) cable Shielding provides better electrical signals by reducing noise and attenuation. Shielding makes the cable more expensive, heavier and hard to bend.

13. STP - 3 insulations Total 3 insulations: 1.Each thin wire is covered in color-coded plastic insulation 2.Each pair of wires is twisted with a insulator called a pair shield around them 3.All the wires in the cable (usually 4 pairs) are covered by a shield called the overall shield.

14. Single bit In a 100Mbps cable transmission, how long will a bit be sent/received? 1/100,000,000 of 1 second (100,000,000b = 100Mb)

15. UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) Twist offers the resistance to interference!!! Flexible and easy install Offer the same data speeds Inexpensive RJ45 connector (RJ11 is for phone cable).

16. Ethernet Extender (optional) Three primary purposes: Extend network coverage; Maintain the bandwidth; Control budget or TOC (Total Owner Cost)

17. TIA/EIA568-A and B pin outs Pin #Function568A wire color568 B wire color 1TD+White/GreenWhite/Orange 2TD-GreenOrange 3RD+White/OrangeWhite/Green 4UnusedBlue 5UnusedWhite/Blue 6RD-OrangeGreen 7UnusedWhite/Brown 8UnusedBrown

18. Cable Specifications

19. Coaxial Cable

20. Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable

21. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

24. Straight Through Cable

25. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

26. Cross-Over Cable

27. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

28. Roll-over Cable

29. How to maintain quality Well network design (will be taught later) Certified technician who usually has better installation knowledge Certified cables (better quality connectors and cables) Well insulation (new cable usually does not have broken insulation ) Environment check and tests.

30. Crosstalk When current flows over a nearby wire, it generate EMI and cause crosstalk. Near-end crosstalk (NEXT) Far end crosstalk (FEXT) Power sum near-end crosstalk (PSNEXT) How to read NEXT? NEXT is expressed as a negative value of decibels. -30dB means less NEXT.

31. NEXT (Near-end crosstalk) It occurs near the source of the test signal NEXT current direction is opposite to the transmitted test signal direction Test signal and NEXT test are on same side of the connection.

32. FEXT (Far End Crosstalk) Used to test crosstalk in the same circumstances of NEXT The only difference to NEXT is to detect a signal crossing (disruption) that is located at a distance from the point of measurement. FEXT may cause less noise than NEXT

33. PSNEXT (Power sum Near-end Crosstalk) PSNEXT is to add all pairs’ NEXT together. Becomes a part of TIA/EIA 568B tests.

34. Standard Tests for Cable certification Wire map: Identify physical error of any miss-wiring Insertion loss: Lose of signal strength, expressed in dB. NEXT: A higher value is desirable, meaning better cable performance PSNEXT: Combined NEXT Equal-level Far-end Crosstalk (ELFEXT): FEXT is usually less detrimental to a signal than NEXT Power sum equal-level far-end crosstalk (PSELFEXT): sum of all FEXT Return loss: measured in dB and indication of bad crimp or bad connection at the RJ45 plug. Propagation delay: tests for the time it takes for the signal to be sent from one end and received by the other end Cable length: Verify not exceed 100m. Also find shortcut or where the broken point is Delay skew: Tests for difference between the fastest and slowest set of wire pairs. Lower is better. Could be between 25-50 nanoseconds over 100m

35. Professional cable certification tester Fluke DTX CableAnalyzer LT8000 Series Cable Certification Tester Copper cable certification is achieved through a thorough series of tests in accordance with Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) or International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards.Telecommunications Industry AssociationInternational Organization for Standardization

36. Testers Regular DC/AC voltmeters, Ammeters, and Ohmmeters (multimeter) Signal testers: function generators, pulse generators, RF signal generators, sine wave sources, etc, etc. Oscilloscope and mixed signal probes Wave form measurements: square wave test, Time Domain Reflectometer, Diode I-V characteristic, Electronic Counters: frequency dividers, Period measurement, Reciprocal counter, Universal counter, Power supplies and remote sensing Spectrum and network analyzers Logic Analyzers: Logic analyzer, timing analyzer, Mi

37. Some basic cable testers

38. PatchTest Ethernet Cable Tester

39. Other Ethernet cable tester Connect cable between receiver and transmitter. Push button sending test signals Time Domain Reflectometer

40. Tone tester (optional) Such tester can be used to identify termination point of wires or to trace their paths

41. Test telephone (optional) Easy to be used to verify phone line connection

42. Online Internet Bandwidth Tests Many websites can be used to test internet upload and download speed: www.speedtest.net www.bandwidthplace.com/ www.speakeasy.net/speedtest http://reviews.cnet.com/internet-speed-test/ www.toast.net http://promos.mcafee.com/speedometer/test_0600.asp http://promos.mcafee.com/speedometer/test_0600.asp (McAfee internet Connection Speedometer)

43. LAN speed test Many free software programs are available: Iperf bandwidth test ( http://lss.rutgers.edu/index.php?page=tool_iperf) http://lss.rutgers.edu/index.php?page=tool_iperf QCheck (http://www.ixchariot.com/products/datasheets/qcheck.ht ml)http://www.ixchariot.com/products/datasheets/qcheck.ht ml Bandwidth Monitor (http://www.supershareware.com/info/bandwidth- monitor.html)http://www.supershareware.com/info/bandwidth- monitor.html Real Time NetFlow Analyer (http://www.solarwinds.com/products/freetools/netflow_analyz er.aspx)http://www.solarwinds.com/products/freetools/netflow_analyz er.aspx

44. Network monitor (optional)

45. Network Analyzer (optional) 1. Hardware equipment The two main categories of Network Analyzers are Scalar Network Analyzer (SNA) - Measures amplitude properties only Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) - Measures both amplitude and phase properties, 2. Software used for network analyzer Wireshark, Ethereal, CommView, Network Sniffer, Network Packet Analyzer, Distinct Network Monitor, etc, etc

46. Use light energy Electrical signal use on (high voltage) and off (low voltage) to transmit 1 and 0 in copper cable. Light signal can also use on (brighter light) and off (dim light) to transmit 1 and 0 in fiber-optic cables. EM spectrum Audi  Radio  Microwaves  Infrared  Ultra- violet  X Rays  Gamma Rays In the line, wave length is reducing and frequency is increasing.

47. Optic media Fiber-optic cable has the strongest ability to resist EMI (electromagnetic interference), RFI (Radio Frequency Interference) Fiber’s bandwidth is much higher than any other media. Fiber is highly secure and it is easy to detect intrusion. Fiber uses light signal transmission and its attenuation is much less than electrical signals. Its length could be very long

48. Optic fiber cable testers SimpliFiber Optical Loss Test kits FiberViewer Fiber Optic Cleaning Kits

49. Optical fiber Test The tester may have curve display Or, it has numeric output Certifies compliance of multimode fiber networks to industry standards. Can test two fibers at two wavelengths simultaneously with one-button Autotest

50. Wireless tech introduction Infrared Bluetooth Microwave Radio Wi-Fi In general, wireless network is secondary because of two concerns: speed and security. But, it does offer mobility and convenience.

51. Main wireless components Access point: linking wireless network to the wired world. Wireless NIC on each hosts in the network Wireless hub, switch and router: functioning as same as regular wire connected equipments

52. Introduction of Wireless Testers (optional) Real Time Spectrum Analyzer RF environment scanner

53. Question Any question? If you do not have question, please search internet and collect more information of those cables testers and test standards. 1.Please be comfortable to list the pin wire colors. 2.Please be familiar with those testing concepts.