1. Disorders of the Endocrine System

2. Thyroid Gland Hormone: Thyroxin Overactivity (Too much hormone)
Increased metabolic rate
Increased food intake but loss of weight
Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease)
Goiter (swollen neck, maybe bulging eyes)

3. Goiter

4. Thyroid Gland Hormone: Thyroxin Underactivity (Not enough hormone)
Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s disease)
- Reduced metabolic rate
Low food intake but gain of weight
Myxoedema (when onset in adults)
Cretinism (when onset in children)
Can also cause a goiter

5. Myxoedema Puffiness (swelling) Fatigue Obesity Dry, thickened skin
Mental impairment
Thin, brittle hair

6. Cretinism Protuberant abdomen Short Stature Infertility
Neurological impairment
Constant Fatigue
Obesity

7. Thyroid Gland Hormone: Calcitonin Overactivity
- Increased Bone Ca, decreased Blood Ca
- Tetany (nerve problems leading to muscle spasms or cramps)
Underactivity
- Increase Blood Ca, decreased Bone Ca
Osteoporosis (brittle bones)
Kidney stones

8. Parathyroid Glands Hormone: Parathormone (PTH) Underactivity
Low Blood calcium, High Bone Ca
Tetany
Overactivity
High Blood calcium, Low Bone Ca
Osteoporosis

9. Pancreas Hormone: Insulin Overactivity Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL)
Hypoglycemia
Underactivity
High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL)
Hyperglycemia
Diabetes

10. Pancreas Hormone: Glucagon Overactivity High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL)
Diabetes
Underactivity
Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL)
Hyper insulinism

11. Anterior Pituitary Gland
Hormone: Growth Hormone
Overactive
Gigantism (children - very tall)
Acromegaly (adults - bones & skin thicken)
Underactive
- Dwarfism (very short)

12. Gigantism
The man holding the baby in the photo is 8 ft, 2.5 inches tall

13. Acromegaly

14. Dwarfism
Dwarfism occurs when there is short supply of GH in childhood. There are two types of dwarfism – Lorrain and Frohlich’s

15. Thyroxin – increases metabolic rate
Overactive
Goiter
Hyperthyroidism
Grave’s Disease
Underactive
Goiter
Hypothyroidism
Hashimoto’s Disease
Myxoedema (adults)
Cretinism (kids)

16. Calcitonin – Increase Ca uptake by bones and decrease Ca level in blood
Overactive
Tetany
Underactive
Kidney Stones
Osteoporosis

17. Parathormone (PTH) – inc. Ca level in blood, dec. Ca level in bone
Overactive
Kidney Stones
Osteoporosis
Underactive
Tetany

18. Insulin – dec. blood sugar levels
Overactive
Hypoglycemia
Hyperinsulinism (insulin shock)
Underactive
Hyperglycemia
Diabetes

19. Calcitonin Vs. Parathormone
Over Reactivity
Under Reactivity
Blood Ca
Blood Ca
Blood Ca
Blood Ca
Tetany
Osteoporosis
Kidney Stones
Blood Ca
Blood Ca
Tetany
Osteoporosis
Kidney Stones

20. Glucagon – inc. blood sugar levels
Overactive
Hyperglycemia
Diabetes
Underactive
Hypoglycemia
Hyperinsulinism

21. Insulin vs Glucagon Insulin – Glucagon - Over Reactivity
Under Reactivity
BSL
BSL
Hypoglycemia
BSL
BSL
Hyperglycemia
Diabetes
BSL
Hyperglycemia
Diabetes
Hypoglycemia
BSL

22. GH - Growth Hormone – increases bone growth
Overactive
Gigantism (children)
Acromegaly (adults)
Underactive
Dwarfism (Frohlich’s and Lorrain)

23. MSH - Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone – causes color cells (melanocytes) in skin to darken
Overactive
Skin darkens
Under active
Skin will not darken
Most severe condition is albinism

24. LH, FSH, ICTH – sex hormones in males and females that aid in sperm or egg (gamete) production
Overactive
Unknown
Underactive
Sterility

25. Corticoid imbalances:
ADDISON’S DISEASE – RARE

26. Corticoids – inc. blood pressure, inc. food metabolism and dec
Corticoids – inc. blood pressure, inc. food metabolism and dec. inflammation
Overactive
Cushing’s Syndrome
Underactive
Addison’s Disease
Decreased cortisol and/or aldosterone production