1. William Hoffman Biomedical Engineering Institute & MBBNet University of Minnesota A Cluster of Innovation MBBNet Minnesota Biomedical and Bioscience Network

2.  Geographically concentrated groups of interconnected companies and associated institutions in a particular field linked by common technologies and skills The Competitive Advantage of Nations, 1990 Michael E. Porter Harvard Business School What are Clusters?

3. National innovative capacity depends on  the strength of the national innovation infrastructure  the environment for innovation in its leading industrial clusters, and  the strength of linkages between these two areas. Stern, Porter & Furman National Bureau Economic Research September 2000 Clusters and Innovation

4. Stern, Porter & Furman, 2000 Measuring National Innovation Capacity

5. The National Innovation System  “complex adaptive system”  “dense web of individuals, private organizations and public bodies”  “propensity toward clustering” Popper & Wagner U.S. Innovation System RAND: S & T Policy Institute January 2002 Clusters and Innovation

6. Social Networks  “The locus of innovation is found in a network of interorganizational relationships.” Powell, Koput & Smith-Doerr “Networks of Learning in Biotechnology” ASQ, 1996 Clusters and Innovation

7.  World’s largest cluster-driven Web portal in the life sciences & health care fields MBBNet

9.  For “biomedical community” 1. Harvard Biomedical Technology Gateway 2. MBBNet  For “bioscience community” 1. Bay Area Biosciences Center 2. MBBNet Google Search

10. Biomedical Clusters

11. Jeff Johnson – Hybrid Medical Animation

12. First transatlantic cluster-to-cluster Web portal link  1,400 organizations in the two regions  U of M – biomedical engineering & biotechnology  Zurich MedNet - Winterthur Consortium & Zurich Network  New Product Design & Business Development NPDBD  Faculty & student exchange [U of M Global Seminar]  Winterthur Investment Summits MBBNet – Zurich MedNet Link

13. BioCluster Upgrading: Factor-creating investment  Stem cell technology and regenerative medicine  Biomaterials and biosensors  Miniaturization and nanotechnology  Technology-enhanced health services The Global Technology Revolution National Intelligence Council / RAND 2001 Knowledge resources Human resources Capital resources Infrastructure