1. Applications of Genetic Engineering
13-4
Ms. Haut

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Transgenic Organisms
An organism described as transgenic, contains genes from other species.
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Transgenic Organisms
Genetic engineering has spurred the growth of biotechnology.
Transgenic animals and plants
The Human Genome Project
The production of vaccines, cancer drugs, and pesticides
Engineered bacteria that can clean up toxic wastes
Cloning
Organ replacement
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Transgenic Organisms
Transgenic bacteria produce important substances useful for health and industry. Transgenic bacteria have been used to produce:
insulin
growth hormone
clotting factor
BIOLOGY: CONCEPTS AND CONNECTIONS 4th Edition, by Campbell, Reece, Mitchell, and Taylor, ©2003.
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Transgenic Organisms
Transgenic animals have been used to study genes and to improve the food supply.
Mice have been produced with human genes that make their immune systems act similarly to those of humans. This allows scientists to study the effects of diseases on the human immune system.
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6. Transgenic Animals
Nils Lonberg, director at Medarex, bred two genetically modified mice, creating a mouse with a humanized immune system.
In response to disease-causing agents, these mice make human antibodies in their cells, some of which might be developed into drugs.

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Transgenic Organisms
Researchers are trying to produce transgenic chickens that will be resistant to the bacterial infections that can cause food poisoning.
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Transgenic Organisms
Transgenic plants are now an important part of our food supply.
Many of these plants contain a gene that produces a natural insecticide, so plants don’t have to be sprayed with pesticides.
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9. Transgenic Plants Bt Corn
Engineering resistant corn. Following the insertion of a gene from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, corn becomes resistant to corn borer infection. This allows farmers to use fewer insecticides

10. “Golden rice” has been genetically modified to contain beta-carotene
This rice could help prevent vitamin A deficiency
Figure 12.18B

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Cloning
Dolly and Bonnie
A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell.
In 1997, Ian Wilmut cloned a sheep called Dolly.
The adult sheep is Dolly, the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. The lamb is Dolly’s first offspring, called Bonnie. The fact that Dolly was cloned did not affect her ability to produce a live offspring. Photo Credit: PA News
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12. Cloning
In early 1997, Dolly made headlines as the first clone of an adult mammal. 

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Cloning
Researchers hope cloning will enable them to make copies of transgenic animals and help save endangered species.
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Cloning
Studies suggest that cloned animals may suffer from a number of genetic defects and health problems.
Abnormal gene expression
“old” DNA
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15. DNA technology raises important ethical questions
Our new genetic knowledge will affect our lives in many ways
The deciphering of the human genome, in particular, raises profound ethical issues
Many scientists have counseled that we must use the information wisely
Figure 12.21A-C

16. Could transgenics harm human health or the environment?
Genetic engineering involves some risks
Possible ecological damage from pollen transfer between GM and wild crops
Pollen from a transgenic variety of corn that contains a pesticide may stunt or kill monarch caterpillars
Figure 12.20A, B

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Insulin-dependent diabetes can now be treated with insulin produced through the use of
transgenic plants.
transgenic animals.
transgenic microorganisms.
transgenic fungi.
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Transgenic tobacco plants that glow in the dark were produced by transferring the gene for luciferase from a
clone.
bacterium.
firefly.
jellyfish.
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The first mammal to be cloned was a
sheep.
horse.
dog.
cat.
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In producing a cloned animal, an egg cell is taken from a female and its nucleus is removed. A body cell is taken from a male. The clone from this experiment will
look just like the female.
be genetically identical to the male.
have a mixture of characteristics from both animals.
resemble neither the male nor the female.
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Animals produced by cloning have been shown to
all be perfectly healthy.
suffer from a number of health problems.
live longer than uncloned animals.
be less intelligent than uncloned animals.
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