1. ICSR 1 Standards and Standardization Ken Krechmer, Fellow International Center for Standards Research University of Colorado at Boulder e-mail: krechmer@csrstds.com

2. ICSR 2 Definitions Standard: Model, document or concept Standardization: Process of creating, implementing, or using a standard

3. ICSR 3 Definition of a Technical Standard A Technical Standard codifies for a society the constraints upon one or more implementations. These implementations are then used to quantify an entity under examination for the purpose of information transfer within a society.

4. ICSR 4 The Beginnings of Standards DNA is a naturally occurring standard. The system of 10 numeric digits likely was the first technical standard. The term “standard” was first reported in 1138 AD

5. ICSR 5 Taxonomy of Technical Standards AgrarianCommercialIndustrialLinearAdaptive Value Property CurrencyInvention System Concept System (private) (patents) (public (copyright, utilities) brands) TechnologyCounting Measures,Powered Sequential Adaptive Monetary machines processes Processes Systems (railroad, (computers) telephone, utilities) Communi-BarterCommerceMechanizedElectronic Internet cations transport (telegraph, telephone) StandardsSymbolUnitsSimilarity Compati-Adaptability bility Strata Information

6. ICSR 6 Succession of Standards Standards ExamplesPurposeEffect 1. SymbolsNumber systems Identity Create Order 2. UnitsMeasurement,MeasurementQuantify Monetary system abstractions 3. SimilarityCellular mobile and base, RepeatabilityMaintain ISO9000, 14000, sameness X.3 PAD 4. CompatibilityNuts & bolts, Group 3 InterworkingSender compatible facsimile, telephone with receiver modems, X.25 interface, cellular air interfaces 5. AdaptabilityAloha protocol, CSMA/CD, VariabilityNegotiate the Modem handshakes, XML,variation SIP, fax T.30

7. ICSR 7 Technologies’ Effect on Communications Standards OSI Model ApplicationAgreements Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link PhysicalPhysical Laws Physical Media

8. ICSR 8 Insights Offered by Taxonomy of Standards Etiquettes support new use of value system Government intervention more desirable as new standards successions emerge Patents best applied to similarity Need to control patents in compatibility standards Need to avoid patents in adaptability standards

9. ICSR 9 Supporting Freedom with Truth Open government - Democracy Free press - First Amendment Available technology - Open standardization

10. ICSR 10 Ten Rights of Open Standardization 1.Open meeting 2.Consensus 3.Due Process Creation 4.Open World 5.Open IPR 6.Open Documents 7.Open Change Use 8.Open Interface 9.Open Use 10.On-going Support Implementation

11. ICSR 11 1.Open meeting – all stake holders may participate in the standards development process. ANSI requirement

12. ICSR 12 2.Consensus – all interests are discussed and agreement found, no domination. ANSI requirement

13. ICSR 13 3.Due Process – balloting and an appeals process may be used to find resolution. ANSI requirement

14. ICSR 14 4.Open World – same standard for the same function, world-wide. ANSI supported

15. ICSR 15 5.Open IPR – holders of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) must identify themselves during the standards development process. Recent ANSI requirement

16. ICSR 16 6.Open Documents – all may access committee documents, drafts and completed standards.

17. ICSR 17 7.Open Change – all changes are presented and agreed in a forum supporting the previous six rights.

18. ICSR 18 8.Open Interface – Supports migration and allows proprietary advantage, but standardized interfaces are not hidden or controlled.

19. ICSR 19 9.Open Use – objective conformance mechanisms for implementation testing and user evaluation.

20. ICSR 20 10.On-going Support – standards are supported until user interest ceases rather than when provider interest declines.

21. ICSR 21 “ Who ever knew Truth put to the worse, in a free and open encounter?” John Milton, Areopagiticia, A speech for the liberty of unlicensed printing in the Parliament of England, 1644