1. Producing Enough Food for the World
Chapter 11
Producing Enough Food for the World

5. Crops Rangeland: Pasture:
Provides food for grazing and browsing animals without plowing and planting
Pasture:
Plowed, planted and harvested to provide forage for animals

8. Aquaculture Aquaculture Mariculture
The farming of food in aquatic habitats
Mariculture
The farming of ocean fish

9. Six Ways Agroecosystems Differ from Natural Ecosystems
Try to stop ecological succession and keep the agroecosystem in an early successional state
Monoculture: Large areas planted with a single species
Crops are planted in neat rows
Farming greatly simplifies biological diversity
Plowing is unlike any natural soil disturbance
Genetic modification of crops.

11. Limiting Factors
Limiting Factor: The single requirement for growth available in the least supply in comparison to the need of an organism
2 Types of Life-Important Chemicals
1. Macronutirents
2. Micronutirents
Synergistic Effects: a change in availability of one resource affects the response of an organism to some other resource

15. Permaculture
Permaculture is a branch of ecological design, ecological engineering, environmental design, construction and integrated water resources management that develops sustainable architecture, regenerative and self-maintained habitat and agricultural systems modeled from natural ecosystems

16. Increasing the Yield per Acre
1. The Green Revolution
Programs that have led to the development of new strains of crops with higher yields, better resistance to disease or better ability to grow under poor conditions
2. Improved Irrigation

17. Organic Farming 3 Qualities
It is more like natural ecosystems than monocultures
It minimizes negative environmental impacts
The food that results from it does not contain artificial compounds

21. Genetically Modified Food
Genetically Modified Crops are modified by genetic engineers to produce higher crop yields and increase resistance to drought, cold, heat, toxins, plant pests and disease.

22. Effects of Agriculture on the Environment
Chapter 12
Effects of Agriculture on the Environment

23. Many environmental problems result from agriculture:
Soil erosion
Sediment transport and deposition downstream
On-site pollution from fertilizers and pesticides
Deforestation
Desertification
Degradation of water aquifers
Salinization
Accumulation of toxic metals and organic compounds
Loss of biodiversity

25. Where Eroded Soil Goes: Sediments Also Cause Environmental Problems
Ways to slow erosion:
Making Soil Sustainable
Contour Plowing
No-Till Agriculture
Combination of farming practices that include not plowing the land and using herbicides to keep down weeds.

28. Integrated Pest Management
Control of agricultural pests using several methods together, including biological and chemical agents
Goals:
To minimize the use of artificial chemicals
To prevent or slow the buildup of resistance by pests to chemical pesticides

31. The Terminator Gene
A genetically modified crop which has a gene to cause the plant to become sterile after the first year
Is it really available? It is debateable.
Monsanto denies
Farmers suspect

32. Farming Crisis in India/ Vandana Shiva

33. Grazing on Rangelands
Overgrazing occurs when the carrying capacity is exceeded. It can cause severe damage to lands
It is important to properly manage livestock, including using appropriate lands for gazing and keeping livestock at a sustainable density

34. Desertification
Desertification is the deterioration of land in arid, semi- arid and dry sub humid areas due to changes in climate and human activities
Can be caused by
Poor farming practices
Conversion of marginal grazing lands to croplands

35. Carrying capacity of pasture and rangeland in the United States
Average # of cows per square kilometer