1. Genetic Engineering © 2014 wheresjenny.com Genetic Engineering

2. © 2014 wheresjenny.com Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. New DNA may be inserted in the host genome by first isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using molecular cloning methods to generate a DNA sequence, or by synthesizing the DNA, and then inserting this construct into the host organism. Genetic Engineering

3. © 2014 wheresjenny.com Vocabulary Manipulation: The action of manipulating something in a skilful manner. Mutations: The action or process of changing Mutagenesis: A process by which the genetic information of an organism is changed in a stable manner, resulting in a mutation. It may occur spontaneously in nature, or as a result of exposure to mutagens. Adverse: Preventing success or development; harmful; unfavourable. Insulin: A hormone produced in the pancreas by the islets of Langerhans, which regulates the amount of glucose in the blood. The lack of insulin causes a form of diabetes.

4. Genetic Engineering © 2014 wheresjenny.com Genetically modified organisms Plants, animals or micro organisms that have changed through genetic engineering are termed genetically modified organisms or GMOs. Bacteria were the first organisms to be genetically modified. Plasmid DNA containing new genes can be inserted into the bacterial cell and the bacteria will then express those genes. These genes can code for medicines or enzymes that process food and other substrates.

5. Genetic Engineering © 2014 wheresjenny.com History of genetic engineering Humans have altered the genomes of species for thousands of years through artificial selection and more recently mutagenesis. Genetic engineering as the direct manipulation of DNA by humans outside breeding and mutations has only existed since the 1970s.

6. Genetic Engineering © 2014 wheresjenny.com Genetically modified mouse A genetically modified mouse is a mouse that has had its genome altered through the use of genetic engineering techniques. Genetically modified mice are commonly used for research or as animal models of human diseases. A genetically modified mouse in which a gene affecting hair growth has been knocked out (left), shown next to a normal lab mouse.

7. Genetic Engineering © 2014 wheresjenny.com Uses Genetically modified mice are used extensively in research as models of human disease. The most common type is the knockout mouse, where the activity of a single (or in some cases multiple) genes are removed. They have been used to study and model obesity, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, substance abuse, anxiety, aging and Parkinson disease. Transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein, which glows green under blue light. The central mouse is wild-type.

8. Genetic Engineering © 2014 wheresjenny.com Advantages of using Insulin from genetically modified organisms Humulin is identical to human insulin and so diabetics who use it do not suffer adverse reactions when using it, unlike other the forms of insulin obtained from animals. The quantities produced are much greater and have overcome the shortage of insulin. Production costs are much lower, and so cheaper supplies can be produced. Objection on ethical or religious grounds, to using animals, are overcome.

9. Genetic Engineering © 2014 wheresjenny.com

10. Genetic Engineering © 2014 wheresjenny.com Match Manipulation Mutations Mutagenesis Adverse. Insulin The action of manipulating something in a skilful manner. The action or process of changing A process by which the genetic information of an organism is changed in a stable manner, resulting in a mutation. It may occur spontaneously in nature, or as a result of exposure to mutagens. Preventing success or development; harmful; unfavourable A hormone produced in the pancreas by the islets of Langerhans, which regulates the amount of glucose in the blood. The lack of insulin causes a form of diabetes.

11. Genetic Engineering © 2014 wheresjenny.com Conversation 1) What did you learn from this topic? 2) Any 2 advantages of using Insulin from genetically modified organisms 3) How is genetic engineering helping humans according to you?