2. Managing Organizational Structure and Culture
chapter ten
Managing Organizational Structure and Culture
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Contemporary Management, 5/e
Copyright © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Learning Objectives
Identify the factors that influence managers’ choice of an organizational structure.
Explain how managers group tasks into jobs that are motivating and satisfying for employees.
Describe the types of organizational structures managers can design, and explain why they choose one structure over another.

4. Learning Objectives
Explain why managers must coordinate jobs, functions, and divisions using the hierarchy of authority and integrating mechanisms
List the four sources of organizational culture and differentiate between a strong, adaptive culture and a weak, inert culture

5. Organizational Structure
Organizational Architecture
The organizational structure, control systems, culture, and human resource management systems that together determine how efficiently and effectively organizational resources are used.
Struttura organizzativa significa il modo secondo il
quale le varie componenti dell’organizzazione sono
presenti e si rapportano reciprocamente in funzione dei
Rispettivi ruoli.
L’ Architettura organizzativa
La struttura organizzativa, sistemi di controllo, la cultura, e sistemi di gestione delle risorse umane che, insieme, determinano come Efficientemente ed Efficacemente Vengono utilizzate le risorse organizzative

6. Designing Organizational Structure
Organizing
The process by which managers establish working relationships among employees to achieve goals.
Organizational Structure
Formal system of task and reporting relationships showing how workers use resources.
Il processo attraverso il quale i manager instaurano rapporti di lavoro tra i dipendenti per raggiungere gli obiettivi.
Sistema formale di compiti e relazioni che mostrano come i lavoratori utilizzano le risorse.

7. Designing Organizational Structure
Organizational design
The process by which managers create a specific type of organizational structure and culture so that a company can operate in the most efficient and effective way
Il processo attraverso il quale i manager creano un tipo specifico di struttura e cultura organizzativa in modo che una società possa operare nel modo più efficiente ed efficace

8. Factors Affecting Organizational Structure
Figure 10.1

9. The Organizational Environment
The quicker the environment changes, the more problems face managers.
Structure must be more flexible (i.e., decentralized authority) when environmental change is rapid.
L'ambiente organizzativo
Più velocemente cambia l’ambiente, più problemi devono affrontare i manager.
Struttura deve essere più flessibile (ad esempio, l'autorità decentrata) quando il cambiamento ambientale è rapido

10. The Organizational Environment
Strategy
Different strategies require the use of different structures.
A differentiation strategy needs a flexible structure, low cost may need a more formal structure.
Increased vertical integration or diversification also requires a more flexible structure.
Diverse strategie richiedono l'uso di strutture differenti.
Una strategia di differenziazione ha bisogno di una struttura flessibile, a basso costo può avere bisogno di una struttura più formale.
L’aumento dell’integrazione verticale o la diversificazione richiede anche una struttura più flessibile.

11. The Organizational Environment
Technology
The combination of skills, knowledge, tools, equipment, computers and machines used in the organization.
More complex technology makes it harder for managers to regulate the organization.
La combinazione di competenze, conoscenze, strumenti, attrezzature, computer e macchine utilizzate nell'organizzazione.
La tecnologia più complessa rende più difficile per i manager regolare l’organizzazione

12. The Organizational Environment
Technology
Technology can be measured by:
Task variety: the number of new problems a manager encounters.
Task analyzability: the availability of programmed solutions to a manager to solve problems.
High task variety and low analyzability present many unique problems to managers.
Flexible structure works best in these conditions.
Low task variety and high analyzability allow managers to rely on established procedures.
La tecnologia può essere misurata con:
Task variety : il numero di nuovi problemi che un manager incontra.
Analizzabilità dei task: la disponibilità di soluzioni programmate per un manager nel risolvere i problemi
Un alta Task variety ed una bassa analizzabilità presentano molti problemi ai manager.
Struttura flessibile funziona meglio in queste condizioni.
Una bassa task variety e un’alta analizzabilità permettono ai manager di contare su procedure stabilite

13. The Organizational Environment
Human Resources
Highly skilled workers whose jobs require working in teams usually need a more flexible structure.
Higher skilled workers (e.g., CPA’s and doctors) often have internalized professional norms and values.
Lavoratori altamente qualificati di cui i lavori richiedono lavoro in team di solito hanno bisogno di una struttura più flessibile.
Lavoratori più qualificati (ad esempio, i medici) spesso hanno interiorizzato norme e valori professionali

14. The Organizational Environment
Human Resources
Managers must take into account all four factors (environment, strategy, technology and human resources) when designing the structure of the organization.
I manager devono tener conto di tutte e quattro i fattori (ambiente, la strategia, la tecnologia e risorse umane), quando progettano la struttura dell'organizzazione.

15. The Organizational Environment
The way an organization’s structure works depends on the choices managers make about:
How to group tasks into individual jobs
How to group jobs into functions and divisions
How to allocate authority and coordinate functions and divisions
Il modo in cui la struttura di un'organizzazione funziona dipende dalle scelte che i manager fanno su:
Come raggruppare i compiti in singoli lavori
Come raggruppare i lavori in funzioni e divisioni
Come allocare le autorità e coordinare le funzioni e le divisioni

16. Job Design
Job Design
The process by which managers decide how to divide tasks into specific jobs.
The appropriate division of labor results in an effective and efficient workforce.
Il processo attraverso il quale i manager decidono come suddividere i compiti in specifici lavori.
La divisione appropriata del lavoro si traduce in una forza lavoro efficace ed efficiente

17. Question?
What is the process of reducing the tasks each worker performs?
Job simplification
Job enlargement
Job enrichment
Job enhancement
Qual è il processo di riduzione dei compiti che ogni lavoratore svolge?
semplificazione del lavoro
allargamento lavoro
arricchimento lavoro
valorizzazione del lavoro
The correct answer is “A” – job simplification. See next slide.

18. Job Design Job Simplification
The process of reducing the tasks each worker performs.
Too much simplification and boredom results.
Il processo di riduzione dei compiti a ciascun lavoratore esegue.
Risulta troppa semplificazione e noia.

19. Job Design Job Enlargement Job Enrichment
Increasing the number of different tasks in a given job by changing the division of labor
Job Enrichment
Increasing the degree of responsibility a worker has over a job
Job Allargamento
Aumentando il numero di compiti diversi in un determinato posto di lavoro e modificando la divisione del lavoro
arricchimento di lavoro
Aumentando il grado di responsabilità un lavoratore ha più di un lavoro

20. Job Enrichment
Empowering workers to experiment to find new or better ways of doing the job
Encouraging workers to develop new skills
Allowing workers to decide how to do the work
Allowing workers to monitor and measure their own performance
Autorizzando i lavoratori a sperimentare per trovare modi nuovi e migliori di fare il lavoro
Incoraggiare i lavoratori a sviluppare nuove competenze
Permettere ai lavoratori di decidere come fare il lavoro
Permettere ai lavoratori di monitorare e misurare le proprie prestazioni

21. Job Characteristics Model

22. Grouping Jobs into Functions
Group of people, working together, who possess similar skills or use the same kind of knowledge, tools, or techniques to perform their jobs
Gruppo di persone, che lavorano insieme, che possiedono competenze simili o utilizzano lo stesso tipo di conoscenze, strumenti o tecniche per svolgere il proprio lavoro

23. Main organizative structures
Sorting hierarchical: focused on vertical lines transmission of power. A rigorous control unit where each member of organization responds to a single top leader Sorting function: focus on specialists function. Each operator can receive orders and instructions, assistance and guidelines from the most skilled leaders Sorting hierarchical-functional: focus on hierarchical leaders with specialist in auxiliary function (help, tips, advice, proposals and recommendations in their field of specialization)
Ordinamento gerarchico: incentrato su linee verticali
di trasmissione dei poteri.
Una rigorosa unità di comando dove ogni membro
dell’organizzazione risponde ad un’unica posizione
superiore
• Ordinamento funzionale: incentrato su specialisti di
funzione.
Ogni operatore può ricevere ordini, istruzioni, assistenza e direttive da più capi specializzati
• Ordinamento gerarchico-funzionale: incentrato su capi gerarchici con a lato specialisti in funzione ausiliaria (assistenza, suggerimenti, consigli, proposte e raccomandazioni nel proprio settore di specializzazione

24. Staff
Components of staff: components performing an activity to lay leaders in the hierarchical condition to maker better your own business Can be: - Technical staff (for the entire organization) - Staff personnel (coaching a single responsible) - Reports of staff: activity of assistance/advice provided outside of an organic framework
Organi di staff: organi che svolgono un’attività volta a porre i capi gerarchici nella condizione di svolgere al meglio la propria attività
Possono essere:
- staff tecnico (per l’intera organizzazione)
- staff personale (affiancamento ad un singolo responsabile)
• Rapporti di staff: attività di assistenza/consulenza fornite anche al di fuori di un inquadramento organico

25. Organization chart
The organization chart is a graphical representation of the organs and organizational units of a particular social entity which highlights: - Business sectors - Hierarchical relationships - Functional relationships and advisory Organ = center of activities for leadership, execution, control and advice Organizational Unit = group of people (at least 2) that perform an activity under the homogeneous supervision of a chief
L’organigramma è la rappresentazione grafica degli organi e delle unità organizzative di una determinata entità sociale che pone in evidenza:
- settori di attività
- rapporti gerarchici
- rapporti funzionali e consultivi
Organo = centro di attività per direzione, esecuzione, controllo e consulenza
Unità organizzativa = nucleo di persone (almeno 2) che svolgono un’attività omogenea sotto la supervisione di un capo

26. Vertical and horizontal developmen
The vertical development: - Is represented by the number of hierarchical levels between the vertex and the workers - Is related to the width of the control, for ex. the number of subordinates that a leader can effectively lead and check Horizontal development: - Is the specialization/departmentalization in the same hierarchical level - Is linked to the introduction of organs of staff
Sviluppo verticale e orizzontale
Lo sviluppo verticale:
- è rappresentato dal numero di livelli gerarchici tra il
vertice e gli operai
- è legato all’ampiezza del controllo, cioè al numero di
subordinati che un capo può efficacemente dirigere e
controllare
Lo sviluppo orizzontale:
- è rappresentato dalla specializzazione/
dipartimentalizzazione a parità di livello gerarchico
- è legato all’introduzione di organi di staff
La tendenza attuale è verso:
- minor sviluppo verticale = riduzione del numero di livelli
- minor sviluppo orizzontale = integrazione degli staff

27. The functional structure
The functional organizational structure groups in the same organizational unit (function) and under the control of the same manager, all the transactions with the same nature
La struttura organizzativa per funzione raggruppa nella
stessa unità organizzativa (funzione) e sotto il controllo
dello stesso manager tutte le operazioni aventi la
medesima natura

28. Grouping Jobs into Functions
Functional Structure
An organizational structure composed of all the departments that an organization requires to produce its goods or services.
Una struttura organizzativa composta da tutti i servizi che un’organizzazione richiede per produrre i suoi prodotti o servizi.

29. Functional Structure Advantages
Encourages learning from others doing similar jobs.
Easy for managers to monitor and evaluate workers.
Allows managers to create the set of functions they need in order to scan and monitor the competitive environment
Incoraggia ad imparare dagli altri che fanno lavori simili.
E’ facile per i manager monitorare e valutare i lavoratori.
Consente ai manager di creare l'insieme delle funzioni di cui hanno bisogno, al fine di eseguire la scansione e monitorare l'ambiente competitivo

30. Functional Structure Disadvantages
Difficult for departments to communicate with others.
Preoccupation with own department and losing sight of organizational goals.
Difficile per i reparti di comunicare con gli altri.
Preoccupazione con proprio reparto e perdere di vista gli obiettivi organizzativi

31. The Functional Structure of Pier 1 Imports
Figure10.3

32. Divisional Structures
Managers create a series of business units to produce a specific kind of product for a specific kind of customer

33. Product, Market, and Geographic Structures
Figure 10.4

34. Types of Divisional Structures
Product Structure
Managers place each distinct product line or business in its own self-contained division
Divisional managers have the responsibility for devising an appropriate business-level strategy to allow the division to compete effectively in its industry

35. Product Structure
Allows functional managers to specialize in one product area
Division managers become experts in their area
Removes need for direct supervision of division by corporate managers
Divisional management improves the use of resources

36. Types of Divisional Structures
Geographic Structure
Divisions are broken down by geographic location
Global geographic structure
Managers locate different divisions in each of the world regions where the organization operates.
Generally, occurs when managers are pursuing a multi-domestic strategy

37. Types of Divisional Structures
Global Product Structure
Each product division takes responsibility for deciding where to manufacture its products and how to market them in foreign countries worldwide

38. Global Geographic and Global Product Structures
Figure 10.5

39. Types of Divisional Structures
Market Structure
Groups divisions according to the particular kinds of customers they serve
Allows managers to be responsive to the needs of their customers and act flexibly in making decisions in response to customers’ changing needs

40. Matrix Design Structure
Matrix Structure
An organizational structure that simultaneously groups people and resources by function and product.
Results in a complex network of superior-subordinate reporting relationships.
The structure is very flexible and can respond rapidly to the need for change.
Each employee has two bosses (functional manager and product manager) and possibly cannot satisfy both.

41. Matrix Structure
Figure 10.6

42. Discussion Question?
Which is the most effective and efficient organizational structure?
Matrix structure
Divisional structure
Market structure
Geographic structure
There is no one best answer. It depends on a firm’s situation. Students should discuss the best situation for each type.

43. Product Team Design Structure
Product Team Structure
Does away with dual reporting relationships and two-boss managers
Functional employees are permanently assigned to a cross-functional team that is empowered to bring a new or redesigned product to work

44. Product Team Design Structure
Product Team Structure
Cross-functional team is composed of a group of managers from different departments working together to perform organizational tasks.

45. Product Team Structure
Figure 10.6

46. Hybrid Structures Hybrid Structure
The structure of a large organization that has many divisions and simultaneously uses many different organizational structures
Managers can select the best structure for a particular division—one division may use a functional structure, another division may have a geographic structure.
The ability to break a large organization into smaller units makes it easier to manage.

47. Federated’s Hybrid Structure
Figure 10.7

48. Question? What is the power vested in a manager to make decisions?
Influence
Authority
Control
The correct answer is “C” – authority. See next slide.

49. Coordinating Functions: Allocating Authority
The power vested in a manager to make decisions and use resources to achieve organizational goals by virtue of his position in an organization

50. Coordinating Functions: Allocating Authority
Hierarchy of Authority
An organization’s chain of command, specifying the relative authority of each manager.
Span of Control: the number of subordinates who report directly to a manager

51. Allocating Authority Line Manager
Someone in the direct line or chain of command who has formal authority over people and resources
Staff Manager
Managers who are functional-area specialists that give advice to line managers.

52. The Hierarchy of Authority and Span of Control at McDonald’s Corporation
Figure 10.8

53. Tall and Flat Organizations
Tall structures have many levels of authority and narrow spans of control.
As hierarchy levels increase, communication gets difficult creating delays in the time being taken to implement decisions.
Communications can also become distorted as it is repeated through the firm.
Can become expensive

54. Tall Organizations
Figure 10.9

55. Tall and Flat Organizations
Flat structures have fewer levels and wide spans of control.
Structure results in quick communications but can lead to overworked managers.

56. Flat Organizations
Figure 10.9

57. Minimum Chain of Command
Top managers should always construct a hierarchy with the fewest levels of authority necessary to efficiently and effectively use organizational resources

58. Centralization and Decentralization of Authority
Decentralizing authority
giving lower-level managers and non-managerial employees the right to make important decisions about how to use organizational resources

59. Decentralizing Authority
Disadvantages
Teams may begin to pursue their own goals at the expense of organizational goals
Can result in a lack of communication among divisions

60. Integrating Mechanisms
Figure 10.10

61. Organizational Culture
shared set of beliefs, expectations, values, and norms that influence how members of an organization relate to one another and cooperate to achieve organizational goals

62. Sources of an Organization’s Culture
Figure 10.11

63. Characteristics of Organizational Members
Ultimate source of organizational culture is the people that make up the organization
Members become similar over time which may hinder their ability to adapt and respond to changes in the environment

64. Organizational Ethics
moral values, beliefs, and rules that establish the appropriate way for an organization and its members to deal with each other and people outside the organization

65. Employment Relationship
Human resource policies:
Can influence how hard employees will work to achieve the organization’s goals,
How attached they will be to it
Whether or not they will buy into its values and norms

66. Organizational Structure
In a centralized organization:
people have little autonomy
norms that focus on being cautious, obeying authority, and respecting traditions emerge
predictability and stability are desired goals

67. Organizational Structure
In a flat, decentralized structure:
people have more freedom to choose and control their own activities
norms that focus on being creative and courageous and taking risks appear
gives rise to a culture in which innovation and flexibility are desired goals.

68. Strong, Adaptive Cultures Versus Weak, Inert Cultures
values and norms help an organization to build momentum and to grow and change as needed to achieve its goals and be effective

69. Strong, Adaptive Cultures Versus Weak, Inert Cultures
Those that lead to values and norms that fail to motivate or inspire employees
Lead to stagnation and often failure over time

70. Movie Example: Apollo 13
What organizational structure does NASA use to handle a moon launch?
Described by Leonard Maltin as “exhilarating story of ill-fated Apollo 13 moon mission, and how the heroic work of Jim Lovell and his crew, combined with the dogged persistence of the NASA team in Houston, averted tragedy. In the launch sequence (Ch 12), the flight director asks the different areas (booster, retro, guidance, surgeon, control, capcom, etc.) for a go/no-go for launch. This shows one way an organization can structure itself to accomplish a mission. After the explosion on board the spacecraft, the different areas are asked for input to solve the problem.