1. Assessing and Evaluating Student Learning UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓMA DE QUERÉTARO FACULTAD DE LENGUAS Y LETRAS Profesional Asociado Universitario en Enseñanza de Lenguas (PAEL) Maestro en Lingüística Selene Maya Ruiz.

2. Introduction Assessment is the process of gathering information on student learning. Evaluation is the process of analysing, reflecting upon, and summarizing assessment information, and making judgements and/or decisions based on the information collected. Reporting involves communicating the summary and interpretation of information about student learning to various audiences who require it.

3. “Assessment and evaluation are essential components of teaching and learning in English language arts. Without an effective evaluation program it is impossible to know whether students have learned, whether teaching has been effective, or how best to address student learning needs. The quality of the assessment and evaluation in the educational process has a profound and well-established link to student performance.

4. Research consistently shows that regular monitoring and feedback are essential to improving student learning. What is assessed and evaluated, how it is assessed and evaluated, and how results are communicated results send clear messages to students and others about what is really valued—what is worth learning, how it should be learned, what elements of quality are most important, and how well students are expected to perform.”

5. Basic Principles of Assessment/Evaluation The primary purpose of assessment and evaluation is to inform teaching and to promote and encourage learning—to promote optimal individual growth. In order to provide information vital to the teachers, assessment and evaluation must be an ongoing and integral part of the teaching/learning process. It is one continuous cycle consisting of collecting data, interpreting data, reporting information, and making application to teaching.

6. The assessment/evaluation process involves the use of multiple sources of information collected in a variety of contexts. In order to make decisions about any aspect of a child’s learning, the teacher observes evidence of that learning at different times, in different contexts, and in different ways. No one single behaviour, strategy activity, or test can provide a comprehensive picture of a child’s learning.

7. Assessment and Evaluation: A DecisionMaking Process This includes decisions such as the following: Which students will be assessed and why? What will be the focus of assessment? What assessment strategies will be used? In what contexts?

8. How will the information be recorded? On the basis of the evidence collected, what patterns emerge? What is the significant evidence? What does this tell me about the child’s learning? What is the best way to report this information? Who needs to hear it? How will I use this information to inform my teaching

9. Strategies for Collecting Data The assessment/evaluation process involves the use of multiple sources of information collected in a variety of contexts. At the primary level, many teachers use observation, work samples, and self-evaluation as tools in the process of assessment and evaluation.

10. Observation Students demonstrate what they think, know, and can do as they engage in various classroom activities that require the application of language processes and learning strategies. Teachers can learn a great deal about students by observing them engaged in such processes as reading, writing, and interacting with others.

11. Attitudes Does the child approach language tasks with enthusiasm and confidence? Is the child more hesitant about some language tasks than others (e.g., speaking in front of a large group)?

12. Strategies To what extent does the child integrate the various cueing systems to predict, monitor, and self- correct/confirm? use a variety of strategies to construct meaning? have strategies for generating ideas for writing? have strategies for revising? have strategies for spelling unknown words or for editing for spelling?

13. Attention to Task / Independence Is the child able to attend to a task for a reasonable amount of time? To what extent can he/she work independently?

14. Interaction Does the child share ideas, opinions, and feelings? Does he/she make use of the input of others?

15. Concepts/Understandings Does the child understand such concepts as directionality, reading as a meaning making process, story structure?

16. Gathering Observational Data Observations need to be both formal and informal

17. Planned (Formal) Observations To make classroom observation manageable and effective, teachers need to focus their observations. Many teachers develop a systematic, rotational schedule. For example, they might decide to observe carefully one to three students per day in a variety of contexts (shared reading, independent and guided reading, writing conferences). As well, they might choose a particular focus for their observations in each of these contexts as they work through their class. For example, as a grade 1 teacher observes students during one cycle of collecting data in shared, guided, and independent reading, she chooses one-to-one matching and use of the cueing systems as the focus of her observations.

18. Unplanned (Informal) Observations Important and relevant information can also be gathered more incidentally. Teachers can also gather important data about students’ attitudes, understandings, and knowledge through questioning students and talking with them. Although students may know or be able to do more than they put into words, conferences and other forms of dialogue can provide a wealth of information about students and their learning.

19. Recording/Organizing Observational Data Anecdotal records are short narrative descriptions of observations in the classroom. Teachers often use binders with a few pages devoted to each student. New pages can be added as needed. Some teachers write notes on post-it notes or index cards that are placed in the binder at the end of the day. This works best for incidental unplanned observations.

20. Checklists Checklists are another way to record data gathered through observation. Most teachers find that checklists can not replace anecdotal records. Some checklists, however, have a space for anecdotal comments opposite each item. Teachers find checklists useful as an organizational device to help focus their observations, and to clarify their own thinking about what behaviors are indicative of successful learning.

21. Self-Evaluation When students are involved in reflecting on their own learning, they are empowered as learners. Reflection on their learning leads students to gain increasing control over their learning and language processes. Students in the primary grades can be involved both formally and informally in self-evaluation.

22. Reference http://www.ed.gov.nl.ca/edu/k12/curriculum/guides/english/primary /studentaccess.pdf