1. Computers

2. Out put hardware After the input data and instructions have been processed by the CPU, the results can be stored permanently or made available as soft copy or hard copy output

3. Hard copy Refers to printed output or permanent media, such as paper and film

4. Hard copy devices Printers, plotters, camera output microforms such as microfiche and microfilm and voice out put devices.

5. Printers Fall into two categories: 1. Impact 2. Non impact

6. Printers Impact printers: They make contact with the paper and include, letter-quality, dot matrix and high speed printers. Non impact printers: Includes inject, thermal and laser printers

7. Plotters Produce graphics such as 3D drawings, bar charts (graphs) and maps. They are categorized as : 1. Drum plotters 2. Flat-bed plotters They both use pens for drawing 3. Electrostatic plotter Use electrostatic charges on a special paper to produce drawings

8. Voice output devices They are based on pre-recorded vocalized sounds and the computer can output synthesized words in response to certain codes.

9. Soft copy Refers to printed output or permanent media, such as paper and film.

10. Soft copy output There are two common types of video devices: 1. Cathode ray tube (CRT) 2. Flat-panel or flat-screen devices.

11. CRT Consists of an electron gun that directs a stream of electrons to strike a phosphor-coated screen located at the opposite end of the gun. Positioned in front of the screen is a shadow mask, which consist of numerous tiny holes that directs a small part of the beam to strike the screen.

12. CRT Each tiny spot that glows on the screen is called a picture element or pixel. The display image on the screen is thus composed of pixels in both the horizontal and the vertical directions. This number of pixels determines the resolution or sharpness of the CRT image. In general, the greater the number of pixels (vertical and horizontal) the better the resolution.

13. Flat-screen output devices They are based on flat-screen technologies and were developed primarily for portable computers. They include three display technologies: 1. Liquid crystal display (LCD) 2. Electro luminescent display (EL) 3. Gas plasma

14. LCD The use of clear liquid chemical trapped in tiny pockets, between two pieces of glass. Each pocket of liquid is covered both front and back by very thin wires. When a small amount of curved is applied to both wires, a chemical reaction turns the chemical a dark color-thereby blocking light. The point of blocked light is the pixel.

15. Electroluminescent (EL) Consist of a phosphor layer that emits light when activated by a current. Two sets of electrodes are arranged with phosphor layer to form columns and rows. A pixel glows when current flows to the electrodes that address that particular location.

16. Gas plasma display screen They are the best of the flat-screen display. Usually a mixture of argon and neon gases in sandwiched between two glass plates with wire grids. A pixel is display when its address location has been charged.

17. Storage Hardware Includes magnetic tapes and disks and optical disks. These devices constitute secondary storage (auxiliary storage), which is nonvolatile, as opposed to primary storage which is volatile

18. Data storage technologies Approaches to secondary storage: 1. Sequential access approach 2. Direct access method.

19. Sequential or serial access method It is analogous to finding a favorite song on an audiotape. The information is stored in a specific sequence, such as alphabetically and the information is therefore retrieved alphabetically.

20. Direct random access method The desired information is accessed directly and therefore this method is much faster than sequential access. Disk storage is characteristic of this typ of storage

21. Secondary storage 1. Magnetic tape storage 2. Magnetic disk storage---floppy disk or hard disk 3. Redundant Array of independent disks 4. Optical disk storage

22. Storage capacity It is determined by the number of bytes that the device can hold. Storage capacity are expressed in kilobytes (K), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB) and terabytes (TB)