1. The continuation of the report of Joice…. Presented by: Lady Em B. Casimina Lady Em B. Casimina

2. Understanding Video Graphics Understanding Video Graphics When an application wants to communicate with the user through the PC’s screen: When an application wants to communicate with the user through the PC’s screen: First, build a message in the ‘virtual screen’ in the PC’s memory. First, build a message in the ‘virtual screen’ in the PC’s memory. The message to be displayed is next passed from the application to the operating system as a block of memory. The message to be displayed is next passed from the application to the operating system as a block of memory. The operating system then formats the message and transfers it to the display graphic card’s own memory as a pattern of pixels that represent the image or text message. The operating system then formats the message and transfers it to the display graphic card’s own memory as a pattern of pixels that represent the image or text message. The graphics card then reads the formatted message out of its display memory and paints it onto the screen. The graphics card then reads the formatted message out of its display memory and paints it onto the screen.

3. Video/Graphics Card - converts digital data into signals that can be sent across a connector to your monitor, which interprets the signal into an image on screen. - A good graphics card seems to make an image on your monitor just appear, while a slow card causes an image to slowly draw across the screen. - A good video card can improve the performance of Windows, especially with applications that require a high amount of graphics redrawing, like publishing applications or games. The processor on the video card can offload portions of video processing from the CPU, which speeds up the screen display. Each adapter offers several different video modes. Two Basic categories of video modes: 1. Text mode - a monitor can display only ASCII characters. 2. Graphics Mode - a monitor can display any bit-mapped image.

4. Expansion Slots Expansion Slots - Expansion slots are located on the back of the computer. They provide access to the AGP, PCI, and ISA expansion slots. - Cards are plug into the slots to add more devices for the computer. Speaker Speaker - A motherboard speaker provides simple sound output, such as indicating hardware errors during start up. This may either be a motherboard component called a piezo speaker that resembles a small black cylinder, or a standard “voice-coil” speaker that is attached to the interior of the case and connected to the motherboard by wires.

5. Internal Modem Internal Modem - A modem that resides on an expansion board. In order to connect to the Internet you need some form of Modem (Modulator/Demodulator). - Computers are digital machines in that the information is represented by codes of small currents. - Standard telephone lines however, are analogue devices in that the information is directly represented by analogue waves. - We need Modems to convert (modulate) the digital code into analogue waves and convert them back into digital (demodulate) at the other end.

6. Power Supply Power Supply - The power supply supplies the fuel (power), for the computer. It supplies power to the motherboard, the drives, and also, normally, contains a fan that helps assist in the task of cooling the computer. - Power supplies come in a variety of wattages. 200 watt and 250 watt, are probably the most commonly used power supplies. IDE stands for Integrated Device Electronics. The top device should be made the “master” and the bottom device should be the “slave”. The master drive is the primary drive. The slave, or secondary drive, is connected to the IDE cable between the master drive and the motherboard IDE connection. - IDE cables consist of either 40 individual wires, or 80 individual wires (for newer Ultra ATA/66 drives). Most of these wires are used to transfer data between the motherboard and the drive (s). - IDE cables consist of either 40 individual wires, or 80 individual wires (for newer Ultra ATA/66 drives). Most of these wires are used to transfer data between the motherboard and the drive (s).

7. Power Cables Power Cables - The power cables supply power from the power supply to the drives. The power cables are red, yellow, and black. - The yellow wire furnishes 12 volts of power. - The red wire furnishes 5 volts of power. - The two black wires are ground wires for each. - Some drives, like the floppy, use a smaller cable and connector, but their wires are still the same Voltage. Output Devices Output Devices - An output device is any peripheral device that presents, displays, alters, or records output after it has left a computer’s system unit.

8. - Output device data can appear in various forms such as graphics, laser light, sound, or text. Examples of Output Devices: 1. Computer Speaker - convert output data into sound. 2. Monitor - The monitor is the most popular output device. The monitor receives signals from a video card inside of the computer and gives the user a graphical or textual display. Monitors are important because they give users a visual presentation of keyboard commands and mouse movements. - Monitors display output data and show users the end results of the processes taking place inside a computer.

9. 3. Printer - Printers create images on paper, plastic, cloth and other print media using technologies like ink transfer, heat transfer, chemical transfer, chemical reactions, and physical force. - Printers create images on paper, plastic, cloth and other print media using technologies like ink transfer, heat transfer, chemical transfer, chemical reactions, and physical force. Types of Printers 1. Laser Printers - Laser Printer uses toner and an internal laser to print. The most popular Laser printer manufacturer is Hewlett Packard. - The average laser printer prints in black. Color laser printers are about three to four times the cost of one color laser printers. 2. Inkjet or Bubble Jet Printers - Inkjet or Bubble Jet uses ink to print. The quality of the print is determined by DPI (Dots Per Inc). The higher the DPI resolution better the quality of the print. 3. Dot-matrix Printer - creates characters by striking pins against an ink ribbon. Each pins make a dot, and combinations of dots form characters and illustrations.

10. Printers are also classified by the following characteristics: 1. Quality of type: The output produced by printers is said to be either letter quality (as good as a type writer), near letter quality, or draft quality. Only daisy-wheel, ink-jet, and laser printers produce letter-quality type. Some dot-matrix printers claim letter-quality print, but if you look closely, you can see the difference. 2. Speed: Measured in characters per second (cps) or pages per minute (ppm), the speed of printers varies widely. Daisy-wheel printers tend to be the slowest, printing about 30 cps. Line printers are fastest (up to3000 line per minute). Dot-matrix printers can print up to 500 cps, and laser printers range from about 4 to 20 text pages per minute.

11. 3. Impact or non-impact: Impact printers include all printers that work by striking an ink ribbon. Daisy-wheel, dot- matrix, and line printers and impact printers. Non-impact printers include laser printers and ink-jet printers. The important difference between impact and non-impact printers is that impact printers are much noisier. 4. Graphics: Some printers (daisy-wheel and line printers) can print only text. Other printers can print both text and graphics. Input Devices Input Devices - An input devices is any peripheral appliance that generates input for the computer and allows users to enter information into the computer to be processed.

12. - It allow users to provide a computer with commands, software, instructions, and information. - Input devices are the pathways through which information enters a computer’s system unit. Examples of Input Devices Keyboard – the set of typewriter like keys that enables you to enter data into a computer. The keys on computer keyboards are often classified as follows: Alphanumeric Keys = letter and numbers Punctuation Keys = comma, period, semicolon, and so on. Special Keys = functions keys, control keys, arrow keys, Caps Lock key, etc. - The standard layout of letters, numbers, and punctuation is known as a QWERTY keyboard because the first six keys on the top row of letters spell QWERTY. The QWERTY keyboard was designed in the 1800’s for mechanical typewriters and was actually designed to slow typists down to avoid jamming the keys. Another keyboard design, which has letters positioned for speed typing, is the Dvorak keyboard. - The standard layout of letters, numbers, and punctuation is known as a QWERTY keyboard because the first six keys on the top row of letters spell QWERTY. The QWERTY keyboard was designed in the 1800’s for mechanical typewriters and was actually designed to slow typists down to avoid jamming the keys. Another keyboard design, which has letters positioned for speed typing, is the Dvorak keyboard. - There are three types of keyboard connectors. These connectors include AT, PS/2 and USB. - There are three types of keyboard connectors. These connectors include AT, PS/2 and USB.

13. Special Keys Control Key – A key on PC keyboards labeled Ctrl. On Macintoshes, the control key is called an Apple key or Command key. Alt Key – Short for alternate key, the Alt key is like a second Control key. Not all computer keyboards have an Alt key, but it is standard on all PCs. The meaning of any Alt key combination depends on which application is running. Arrow Keys – Also known as cursor control keys Most computer keyboards contain four arrow keys for moving the cursor or insertion point right, left, up, or down. Shift key – A key on computer keyboards that gives the other keys an alternate meaning. When combined with alphabetic keys, the Shift key causes the system to output a capital letter. The Shift key can also be combined with other keys to produce program – dependent results.

14. Function keys – Special keys on the keyboard that have different meanings depending on which program is running. Function keys are normally labeled F1 to F10 or F12 (or F15 on Macintoshes). On older PCs, for example, 10 function keys are grouped on the left side of the keyboard; new PCs have the enhanced keyboard, with twelve function keys aligned the top of the keyboard. Caps Lock key – A toggle key on computer keyboards that, when activated, causes all subsequent alphabetic characters to be uppercase, but has no effect on other keys. Mouse – The mouse is a device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display screen. Mouse – The mouse is a device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display screen. - Invented by Douglas Engelbart of Stanford Research Center in 1963, and pioneered by Xerox in the 1970’s. - Invented by Douglas Engelbart of Stanford Research Center in 1963, and pioneered by Xerox in the 1970’s. Microphone – Allows the computer to receive and record sound. Necessary for voice recognition software and any software that needs to record sound. Microphone – Allows the computer to receive and record sound. Necessary for voice recognition software and any software that needs to record sound.

15. Scanner - An input device that takes in an optical image and digitizes it into an electron image represented as binary data. This can be used to create a computerized version of a photo or illustration. Scanner - An input device that takes in an optical image and digitizes it into an electron image represented as binary data. This can be used to create a computerized version of a photo or illustration. Digital camera – A digital camera takes pictures without film, and stores your snapshots as files in its memory or on a diskettes, and transfer it to your PC through a cable. Digital camera – A digital camera takes pictures without film, and stores your snapshots as files in its memory or on a diskettes, and transfer it to your PC through a cable. Graphic Tablet – Objects are drawn using a pen or a puck. Drawings created on tablets are stored as mathematical line segments. Graphic Tablet – Objects are drawn using a pen or a puck. Drawings created on tablets are stored as mathematical line segments. Joy Stick – A device consisting of a hand held stick that pivots about one end and transmits its angle in two dimensions to a computer. Joystick are often used to control games, and usually have one or more push buttons whose state can also be read by the computer Joy Stick – A device consisting of a hand held stick that pivots about one end and transmits its angle in two dimensions to a computer. Joystick are often used to control games, and usually have one or more push buttons whose state can also be read by the computer

16. Other Peripheral Devices Other Peripheral Devices Peripheral devices – serve specific purposes, enhance a computer’s functions, or add a new service or an additional resource. Peripheral devices include both input and output devices. Examples of Peripheral Devices - CD ROM drive - Modem - External Drive Unit

17. Five Elements Of Computing Process Five Elements Of Computing Process Hardware - equipment involved in the function of a computer. Computer hardware consists of the components that can be physically handled. The function of these components is typically divided into three main categories: input, output, and storage. Hardware - equipment involved in the function of a computer. Computer hardware consists of the components that can be physically handled. The function of these components is typically divided into three main categories: input, output, and storage. Software - also called “Program”, is the instruction that tell the hardware what to do. Software - also called “Program”, is the instruction that tell the hardware what to do. Data - is the raw facts that the computer can change into useful information. The information we get out of the computer always depends on the data we put into it. Data - is the raw facts that the computer can change into useful information. The information we get out of the computer always depends on the data we put into it.

18. People - are also called the “end users”. Most computers need people to operate them. People - are also called the “end users”. Most computers need people to operate them. Procedures - are the steps or directions that the end user needs to follow in order to complete a certain task. Procedures - are the steps or directions that the end user needs to follow in order to complete a certain task. >> >>